An experiment was done to look at the effects of iodine supplements on the production of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. Individuals in the study were divided into categories based on the dosage of iodine supplemented. The chart below summarizes the data collected. THY1 is the average amount of thyroxine in the group prior to taking the supplement. THY2 is the average amount of thyroxine in the group after three months of taking supplements.

From looking at the control group (Group 1) it can be inferred that: 

Eukaryotic cells, cells that contain membrane-bound organelles and generally reside within multicellular organisms, contain DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, which is organized into chromosomes. DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid that forms a double helix. The bases found within a DNA molecule are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). DNA is organized into functional units, called genes, that encode the basic traits and characteristics of living organisms. DNA can be replicated within the nucleus prior to cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives an identical copy of DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed to RNA which is then translated into protein. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid found in all cells that serves a messenger to carry the genetic code from DNA to produce a functional molecule, the protein. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid and consists of the bases adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). RNA is translated into amino acids on the ribosome to produce a polypeptide chain, or a protein. There are two general hypotheses for the original evolutionary molecule. The “RNA world” hypothesis states that the original genetic molecule is RNA, and RNA was able to be translated into protein and reverse transcribed to produce DNA. Alternatively, the “DNA, RNA, and Protein World” suggests that DNA was the original genetic molecule and was responsible for subsequent production of RNA and protein.

What is a eukaryotic cell?

Eukaryotic cells, cells that contain membrane-bound organelles and generally reside within multicellular organisms, contain DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, which is organized into chromosomes. DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid that forms a double helix. The bases found within a DNA molecule are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). DNA is organized into functional units, called genes, that encode the basic traits and characteristics of living organisms. DNA can be replicated within the nucleus prior to cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives an identical copy of DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed to RNA which is then translated into protein. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid found in all cells that serves a messenger to carry the genetic code from DNA to produce a functional molecule, the protein. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid and consists of the bases adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). RNA is translated into amino acids on the ribosome to produce a polypeptide chain, or a protein. There are two general hypotheses for the original evolutionary molecule. The “RNA world” hypothesis states that the original genetic molecule is RNA, and RNA was able to be translated into protein and reverse transcribed to produce DNA. Alternatively, the “DNA, RNA, and Protein World” suggests that DNA was the original genetic molecule and was responsible for subsequent production of RNA and protein.

The sequence of a nucleic acid is ATGCCCTAATGA. What type of nucleic acid is this?

Eukaryotic cells, cells that contain membrane-bound organelles and generally reside within multicellular organisms, contain DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, which is organized into chromosomes. DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid that forms a double helix. The bases found within a DNA molecule are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). DNA is organized into functional units, called genes, that encode the basic traits and characteristics of living organisms. DNA can be replicated within the nucleus prior to cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives an identical copy of DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed to RNA which is then translated into protein. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid found in all cells that serves a messenger to carry the genetic code from DNA to produce a functional molecule, the protein. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid and consists of the bases adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). RNA is translated into amino acids on the ribosome to produce a polypeptide chain, or a protein. There are two general hypotheses for the original evolutionary molecule. The “RNA world” hypothesis states that the original genetic molecule is RNA, and RNA was able to be translated into protein and reverse transcribed to produce DNA. Alternatively, the “DNA, RNA, and Protein World” suggests that DNA was the original genetic molecule and was responsible for subsequent production of RNA and protein.

The sequence of a nucleic acid is AUGCCCUAAUGA. What type of nucleic acid is this?

Eukaryotic cells, cells that contain membrane-bound organelles and generally reside within multicellular organisms, contain DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, which is organized into chromosomes. DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid that forms a double helix. The bases found within a DNA molecule are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). DNA is organized into functional units, called genes, that encode the basic traits and characteristics of living organisms. DNA can be replicated within the nucleus prior to cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives an identical copy of DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed to RNA which is then translated into protein. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid found in all cells that serves a messenger to carry the genetic code from DNA to produce a functional molecule, the protein. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid and consists of the bases adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). RNA is translated into amino acids on the ribosome to produce a polypeptide chain, or a protein. There are two general hypotheses for the original evolutionary molecule. The “RNA world” hypothesis states that the original genetic molecule is RNA, and RNA was able to be translated into protein and reverse transcribed to produce DNA. Alternatively, the “DNA, RNA, and Protein World” suggests that DNA was the original genetic molecule and was responsible for subsequent production of RNA and protein.

What are some differences between RNA and DNA?

Eukaryotic cells, cells that contain membrane-bound organelles and generally reside within multicellular organisms, contain DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, which is organized into chromosomes. DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid that forms a double helix. The bases found within a DNA molecule are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). DNA is organized into functional units, called genes, that encode the basic traits and characteristics of living organisms. DNA can be replicated within the nucleus prior to cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives an identical copy of DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed to RNA which is then translated into protein. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid found in all cells that serves a messenger to carry the genetic code from DNA to produce a functional molecule, the protein. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid and consists of the bases adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). RNA is translated into amino acids on the ribosome to produce a polypeptide chain, or a protein. There are two general hypotheses for the original evolutionary molecule. The “RNA world” hypothesis states that the original genetic molecule is RNA, and RNA was able to be translated into protein and reverse transcribed to produce DNA. Alternatively, the “DNA, RNA, and Protein World” suggests that DNA was the original genetic molecule and was responsible for subsequent production of RNA and protein.

What is the process by which a protein is produced from an RNA code?

Eukaryotic cells, cells that contain membrane-bound organelles and generally reside within multicellular organisms, contain DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, which is organized into chromosomes. DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid that forms a double helix. The bases found within a DNA molecule are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). DNA is organized into functional units, called genes, that encode the basic traits and characteristics of living organisms. DNA can be replicated within the nucleus prior to cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives an identical copy of DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed to RNA which is then translated into protein. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid found in all cells that serves a messenger to carry the genetic code from DNA to produce a functional molecule, the protein. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid and consists of the bases adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). RNA is translated into amino acids on the ribosome to produce a polypeptide chain, or a protein. There are two general hypotheses for the original evolutionary molecule. The “RNA world” hypothesis states that the original genetic molecule is RNA, and RNA was able to be translated into protein and reverse transcribed to produce DNA. Alternatively, the “DNA, RNA, and Protein World” suggests that DNA was the original genetic molecule and was responsible for subsequent production of RNA and protein.

What is a gene?

Eukaryotic cells, cells that contain membrane-bound organelles and generally reside within multicellular organisms, contain DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, which is organized into chromosomes. DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid that forms a double helix. The bases found within a DNA molecule are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). DNA is organized into functional units, called genes, that encode the basic traits and characteristics of living organisms. DNA can be replicated within the nucleus prior to cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives an identical copy of DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed to RNA which is then translated into protein. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid found in all cells that serves a messenger to carry the genetic code from DNA to produce a functional molecule, the protein. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid and consists of the bases adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). RNA is translated into amino acids on the ribosome to produce a polypeptide chain, or a protein. There are two general hypotheses for the original evolutionary molecule. The “RNA world” hypothesis states that the original genetic molecule is RNA, and RNA was able to be translated into protein and reverse transcribed to produce DNA. Alternatively, the “DNA, RNA, and Protein World” suggests that DNA was the original genetic molecule and was responsible for subsequent production of RNA and protein.

Consider the following analogy: RNA:transcription::Protein:______________

Eukaryotic cells, cells that contain membrane-bound organelles and generally reside within multicellular organisms, contain DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, which is organized into chromosomes. DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid that forms a double helix. The bases found within a DNA molecule are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). DNA is organized into functional units, called genes, that encode the basic traits and characteristics of living organisms. DNA can be replicated within the nucleus prior to cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives an identical copy of DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed to RNA which is then translated into protein. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid found in all cells that serves a messenger to carry the genetic code from DNA to produce a functional molecule, the protein. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid and consists of the bases adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). RNA is translated into amino acids on the ribosome to produce a polypeptide chain, or a protein. There are two general hypotheses for the original evolutionary molecule. The “RNA world” hypothesis states that the original genetic molecule is RNA, and RNA was able to be translated into protein and reverse transcribed to produce DNA. Alternatively, the “DNA, RNA, and Protein World” suggests that DNA was the original genetic molecule and was responsible for subsequent production of RNA and protein.

What is a ribosome?

Eukaryotic cells, cells that contain membrane-bound organelles and generally reside within multicellular organisms, contain DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, which is organized into chromosomes. DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid that forms a double helix. The bases found within a DNA molecule are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). DNA is organized into functional units, called genes, that encode the basic traits and characteristics of living organisms. DNA can be replicated within the nucleus prior to cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives an identical copy of DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed to RNA which is then translated into protein. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid found in all cells that serves a messenger to carry the genetic code from DNA to produce a functional molecule, the protein. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid and consists of the bases adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). RNA is translated into amino acids on the ribosome to produce a polypeptide chain, or a protein. There are two general hypotheses for the original evolutionary molecule. The “RNA world” hypothesis states that the original genetic molecule is RNA, and RNA was able to be translated into protein and reverse transcribed to produce DNA. Alternatively, the “DNA, RNA, and Protein World” suggests that DNA was the original genetic molecule and was responsible for subsequent production of RNA and protein.

Where is DNA found within a cell?