The Balkan region, like much of Europe and indeed the world, underwent a period of massive growth in nationalist self-identification in the nineteenth century. At the time, the Balkan region was primarily controlled by the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires, and both empires were profoundly affected by the uprising.

These types of questions are designed to test whether you can contextualize various important events within the larger scope of human history. Let us tackle this problem by putting all these various events in the order they occurred. First, the death of Alexander the Great occurred in the early classical period, circa 323 BCE; the Plague of Justinian occurred in 541 CE; the Crusades took place over a few hundred years from approximately 1100 to 1400 and were primarily intended to “retake” the Holy Land of Jerusalem from Arab “invaders”; the Signing of the Magna Carta took place in 1215 and is often cited as the beginning of English democracy, although it was really a means by which the Lords and Barons gained slightly more power for themselves at the expense of the desperate King John II; the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre occurred in 1572 and was a targeted religious massacre directed against the Huguenots (French Protestants) by the Catholic population of Paris and much of France; the unification of Germany took place in 1871; World War One was waged from 1914 to 1918; World War Two was waged from 1939 to 1945; and the fall of the Soviet Union occurred in 1990.

The British Empire is the largest empire in human history. The empire covered more than 33,700,000 km² (13,012,000 sq mi) and comprised over 20% of the surface area of the Earth.

At the height of it's power in the thirteenth century the Mongolian Empire stretched all the way from eastern China to eastern Europe, down to the Middle East and northern India. At the time it was the biggest empire ever seen in world history. The term Pax Mongolica refers to the period of relative peace, security, and prosperity that prevailed following Mongolian conquest of most of Eurasia. Trade and the exchange of ideas was facilitated greatly by the uniform rule of much of the world.

Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher most commonly associated with the creation of the modern movement of utilitarianism. The primary tenet of utilitarianism is that morality and law should be grounded in ensuring the most happiness for the most amount of people. “It is the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people that is the measure of right and wrong.”

Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of Rights of Woman in 1792 at the height of the Enlightenment period. In this text, she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, as was generally thought by people at the time, but rather appear that way because they are poorly educated and taught to be subservient.

As a result of the Industrial Revolution, European societies in particular shifted toward capitalism and away from agricultural/rural economies.

Socialism developed as a reaction to industrialization, so the answer choice "The transition from capitalist to socialist economies" is incorrect.

The answer choice "The transition from engine-powered to wind-powered naval vessels" is incorrect because the transition went in the opposite direction.

Finally, the answer choice "A decline of women in the workforce" is incorrect because the Industrial Revolution actually led to an increase of women in the workforce, who were often employed as factory workers.

Karl Marx, along with Frederick Engels, wrote The Communist Manifesto, which was published in 1848. For many centuries, some communities had experimented with communal living, but it was not until Marx and Engels published their seminal work that communism and socialism had distinct definition. Karl Marx called the middle class the bourgeoisie and the working class the proletariat.

The steamboat was invented by Robert Fulton at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Fulton's steamboat was fashioned using the steam engine, which had recently been invented by James Watt. Eli Whitney is the man who invented the cotton gin and in so doing revolutionized the economy of the Antebellum South. His invention encouraged the use of slave labor and had lasting ramifications for the social, economic, and political makeup of the United States. William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli were rival politicians in Britain during the Industrial Revolution who each served as Prime Minister.

The Industrial Revolution occurred from about 1770 to 1850 (depending on which historian you ask). The Industrial Revolution is so named for the changes to industry that occurred during that time, most notably the change from handmade production to machinery-based production. The Industrial Revolution began in England in the later decades of the eighteenth century and rapidly spread to Europe, the United States, and around the world.