The Supreme Court case of Johnson v. M’Intosh was a landmark case of the Marshall Court. The Supreme Court ruled that a private citizen could not purchase land from Native Americans, as those Natives did not wholly own the land. Rather, a citizen should petition the United States government for a grant to that land. It has remained a quotable and applicable legal precedent throughout the last two-hundred years of American history, although its application and interpretation has changed with subsequent legal battles and the changing perspective of American society over time. 

The Clermont, also called the North River Steamboat, was the first successfully built passenger steamship in the United States. The Clermont was the product of the work of James Fuller on steam engines and demonstrated conclusively, for the first time, the viability of steam powered travel on water. It operated successfully between Albany and New York and ushered in an era of economic growth propelled by steam power. 

The Dust Bowl of the 1930s was a period of drought which caused massive dust storms and failed crops throughout the Great Plains.  As a result of unproductive farmland, many people moved from Oklahoma, Texas, and California.  If the Dust Bowl is unfamiliar, the 1930s should be a good clue that increased productivity or investment of any sort would be a wrong answer.

FDR's New Deal program was a massive economic undertaking that focused on three major areas (called the three R's, for simplicity): Relief, for the poor and unemployed; Recovery, for the depressed economy; Reform, of the financial and political system to ensure there would not be a repeat of the Great Depression. It is generally considered a turning point in American history when the bulk of the American people began to believe that Government direct intervention in the economy was a positive, not a negative. For the Democratic Party it ushered in an unprecedented level of popularity - propelling them to victory in seven of the next nine elections. For the Republican Party, it caused fracturing and realignment. It greatly expanded Social Security programs, but what it did not do is turn America into a welfare state. Most historians agree that America is too ruggedly "individualistic" for a true welfare state to govern - as has been evidence in the recent debate over health care in the Twenty-First Century. 

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a band of warm ocean water that develops off the western coast of South America and has been known to cause climatic change across the Pacific Ocean, but not the plains of America and Canada.

The Fed did in fact increase the interest rate in 1928. This led to a decrease in the available credit supply, because businesses would now have to borrow at higher interest rates. 

All other answer choices are false. The stock market crash, even though much talked about, only effected the loss of 10% of all wealth.  The bigger issue here was the lack of trust in banking and government that came from the crash.  America did eventually go off the gold standard. Commodity prices decreased because of a lack of demand. Finally, the International Trade Organization wasn't created until 1945.

As World War Two began to enlist more and more men into service, including the draft, the women were left without any means of support. Simultaneously, the push for munitions to supply the war efforts began to reach a higher level of demand. The combination of these two causes allowed women to easily fill the gaps left behind by the departing workforce into battle.

The Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 was an attempt by President Hoover to ensure the prosperity of the farming industry in uncertain times. Prior to the Act, crop prices had been spiraling downwards and forcing many farmers to go out of business. The Act gave the Federal government mandate to buy up surplus crops. For a short time this stabilized crop prices, but it eventually led to an overreliance on Federal support among the farming industry which helped contribute to the food crisis of the early 1930s—all the food was being bought and stored in warehouses, as opposed to sold or distributed to the poor. Historians generally consider the attempt to be morally sound, but the execution of the program to be disastrous. It was eventually improved upon by the Agricultural Administration Act that was enacted during Roosevelt’s early days in office. 

The immediate cause of the Great Depression was the stock market crash of Black Tuesday, October 24, 1929.  Many factors contributed to the worldwide crisis, but World War I debts were paid off as scheduled and the years following the 1919 Armistice were actually an economic boom time.

The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act was passed in 1930 by the Hoover administration. It was designed to protect American agriculture and industry against foreign competition, but the overall effect was profoundly negative for the United States. The act set record high tariff rates on several thousand goods and greatly discouraged trade with Europe and Asia. United States’ overall exports and imports fell by more than half almost immediately. This heightened the suffering felt during the Great Depression.