The above quote is taken from a speech given by John C. Calhoun defending the doctrine of nullification, the theory that states could invalidate Federal laws they believed were unconstitutional.  Calhoun is often seen as the paragon of a states’ rights Southern politician thanks to his role in the Nullification Crisis of 1831-32, where he resigned his position as Vice President to Andrew Jackson due to their disagreement on South Carolina’s attempted Nullification of the Tariff of 1832.

The bulk of popular support for the War of 1812 came from the southern and western states of America. Henry Clay, as the most prominent representative of the Western states and John Calhoun, as the most prominent of the Southern States, both heavily supported war with Britain and were the two primary forces behind the passage of war through Congress. Andrew Jackson was an exceedingly prominent “war-hawk” and clamored for war, which he claimed was necessary to complete the break from Britain. Likewise, President James Madison was a supporter of a war which he believed was necessary to maintain American pride and neutrality. The only area of the country to generally oppose war was New England. Daniel Webster, as a prominent New England lawyer and politician, is by far the most likely of these five to have both publically and privately opposed a declaration of war.

The Missouri compromise addressed the issue of free versus slave states in congress, in order to hold a balance between the north and south. Northerners believed that the Southern whites were overrepresented in Congress, and wished to contain this issue. Henry Clay thus worked out a compromise, without addressing the moral issue of slavery at all.  

The debates of the Convention were held in secret, but are considered to be an equal representation of many different voices of the different writers and participants. The newspapers and the Federalist papers were thus unable to publish anything about the Constitution until its completion.

The creation of the national bank was the brainchild of Federalist Party member Alexander Hamilton and was supported by the President at the time, George Washington. It also had the support of John Adams. The only one of the four to oppose the creation of the national bank was Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson and Madison both believed that the creation of a national bank would be to the detriment of a sound money supply. They also believed that it would serve the interests of foreign investors and Northern commercial speculators better than it would serve the interests of the American people. The arguments of Hamilton won the day, however, and the bank was incepted by George Washington in 1791.

Although the proceeds of the Louisiana Purchase were put toward funding Napoleon's planned invasion of the UK, this was not the intention of President Thomas Jefferson.

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were written with the objective of garnering support for opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts. The primary argument of the documents was that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated protected First Amendment rights and that the Adams’ Presidency was acting unconstitutionally. In the second of his Kentucky Resolutions, Jefferson famously argues that the States have the right to nullify any Federal law which goes above and beyond the proscribed powers of the Federal government. Jefferson and Madison urge those who are wavering to demand the repeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions became important documents in shaping the early ideology of Jefferson’s political party and campaigns. The public outrage at the Alien and Sedition Acts culminated in the defeat of the Federalist Party in the election of 1800 (the so-called Revolution of 1800) and the ascension of Jefferson and the Republican Party. 

The Free-Soil Party was a short lived political party that contested elections in 1848 and 1852. Its membership was mainly composed of anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats from the North-East of the country. The Free-Soil Party ran a campaign that slavery should not be allowed to expand into any of the Western territories. They very rarely went so far as to call for the immediate abolition of slavery, as even most abolitionists realized this would likely lead to civil war. The Party was accommodated into the Republican Party by the election of 1856. Another short-lived political party that argued for anti-immigration and anti-Catholic policies was the American Party (also called the “Know-Nothing Party”)

The Federalists and Republicans both developed around the election of 1796, when Adams and Jefferson faced off in the Presidential contest.  The Federalists favored th Executive, the Federal government, and business interests, while the Republicans favored the Legislature, the State governments, and agricultural interests.  In foreign policy, most decisions focused on Britain and France, while Spain and Austria were hardly considered by the new government,

William McKinley contested the elections of 1896 and 1900 for the Republican Party and won both elections. He ran against William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic and Populist candidate, on each occasion. McKinley represented the interests of big business and Imperialism whereas Bryan represented the views of Populism. McKinley’s support of high protective tariffs and the expansion of United States’ influence abroad assured him the support of the wealthy and middle classes.