SAT II Literature : Context-Based Meaning of a Word

Study concepts, example questions & explanations for SAT II Literature

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Example Questions

Example Question #21 : Context Based Meaning Of A Word: Poetry

To the Dead in the Grave-Yard Under My Window
by Adelaide Crapsey (1878 - 1915)

  1. How can you lie so still? All day I watch
  2. And never a blade of all the green sod moves
  3. To show where restlessly you toss and turn,
  4. And fling a desperate arm or draw up knees
  5. Stiffened and aching from their long disuse;
  6. I watch all night and not one ghost comes forth
  7. To take its freedom of the midnight hour.
  8. Oh, have you no rebellion in your bones?
  9. The very worms must scorn you where you lie,
  10. A pallid mouldering acquiescent folk,
  11. Meek habitants of unresented graves.
  12. Why are you there in your straight row on row
  13. Where I must ever see you from my bed
  14. That in your mere dumb presence iterate
  15. The text so weary in my ears: “Lie still
  16. And rest; be patient and lie still and rest.”
  17. I’ll not be patient! I will not lie still!

In context, the word “text” (line 15) most likely suggests ________________.

Possible Answers:

a meandering conversation

a repetitive quarrel

a startling command

a Biblical exhortation

an educational tract

Correct answer:

a Biblical exhortation

Explanation:

Looking at the complete thought that includes the word "text" (lines 14-16), we see that the speaker is questioning the dead, whose relentless silent presence seems to repeat a message that she's sick of hearing: "Lie still/ And rest; be patient and lie still and rest.” This has nothing to do with textbooks ("educational tracts".) The message is repetitive, but it is not a quarrel or a conversation. It is a command, but we know it isn't startling because the speaker tells us that she's heard it so many times before that it's "weary in [her] ears".

The correct answer is "a Biblical exhortation", where "text" means a small passage from the Bible on which a minister bases a sermon. "Lie still/ And rest; be patient and lie still and rest" is a sermon that the speaker hears continually from someone in authority, and now she seems to be hearing it again from the silent dead.

Example Question #22 : Context Based Meaning Of A Word: Poetry

To the Dead in the Grave-Yard Under My Window
by Adelaide Crapsey (1878 - 1915)

  1. How can you lie so still? All day I watch
  2. And never a blade of all the green sod moves
  3. To show where restlessly you toss and turn,
  4. And fling a desperate arm or draw up knees
  5. Stiffened and aching from their long disuse;
  6. I watch all night and not one ghost comes forth
  7. To take its freedom of the midnight hour.
  8. Oh, have you no rebellion in your bones?
  9. The very worms must scorn you where you lie,
  10. A pallid mouldering acquiescent folk,
  11. Meek habitants of unresented graves.
  12. Why are you there in your straight row on row
  13. Where I must ever see you from my bed
  14. That in your mere dumb presence iterate
  15. The text so weary in my ears: “Lie still
  16. And rest; be patient and lie still and rest.”
  17. I’ll not be patient! I will not lie still!

In context, the meaning of the word “dumb” (line 14) is closest to ________________.

Possible Answers:

speechless

stupid

repetitive

cacophonous

ignorant

Correct answer:

speechless

Explanation:

The poem says nothing about the dead being stupid, ignorant, or cacophonous. Their "dumb presence" seems to "iterate" (repeat) a certain message over and over, but it's that message that is repetitive: not their presence. The correct answer is "speechless".

Even if you didn't know this meaning of "dumb", you could home in on the correct answer through the process of elimination. (The tricky part would be to resist the temptation to choose "stupid" as your answer. If you see that the poem says nothing about stupidity, that would be a big clue that this question is looking for a secondary or tertiary meaning of the word "dumb".)

Example Question #23 : Context Based Meaning Of A Word: Poetry

 
To sit on rocks, to muse o'er flood and fell,
To slowly trace the forest's shady scene,
Where things that own not man's dominion dwell,
And mortal foot hath ne'er or rarely been;
To climb the trackless mountain all unseen,
With the wild flock that never needs a fold;
Alone o'er steeps and foaming falls to lean;
This is not solitude, 'tis but to hold
Converse with Nature's charms, and view her stores unrolled.

But midst the crowd, the hurry, the shock of men,
To hear, to see, to feel and to possess,
And roam alone, the world's tired denizen,
With none who bless us, none whom we can bless;
Minions of splendour shrinking from distress!
None that, with kindred consciousness endued,
If we were not, would seem to smile the less
Of all the flattered, followed, sought and sued;
This is to be alone; this, this is solitude!

As used in the passage, "shrinking" most nearly means to ________________.

Possible Answers:

shake violently

embrace enthusiastically

reduce in size

back away

become immobile

Correct answer:

back away

Explanation:

Since the "minions of splendour" are dealing with "distress", we can safely assume that there reaction would as to something negative.  The word, "from" also makes the choices "shake violently" and "reduce in size" awkward and idiomatically incorrect.  It is logical to assume that one would "back away" from distress.

Passage adapted from George Gordon (Lord Byron)'s "Solitude" (1813)

Example Question #21 : Context Based Meaning Of A Word: Poetry

1 Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness, 
       Thou foster-child of silence and slow time, 
Sylvan historian, who canst thus express 
       A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme: 
5 What leaf-fring'd legend haunts about thy shape 
       Of deities or mortals, or of both, 
               In Tempe or the dales of Arcady? 
       What men or gods are these? What maidens loth? 
9 What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? 
               What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy? 
 
11 Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard 
       Are sweeter; therefore, ye soft pipes, play on; 
Not to the sensual ear, but, more endear'd, 
       Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone: 
15 Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave 
       Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare; 
               Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss, 
18 Though winning near the goal yet, do not grieve; 
       She cannot fade, though thou hast not thy bliss, 
               For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair! 
 
21 Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot shed 
         Your leaves, nor ever bid the Spring adieu; 
And, happy melodist, unwearied, 
         For ever piping songs for ever new; 
25 More happy love! more happy, happy love! 
         For ever warm and still to be enjoy'd, 
                For ever panting, and for ever young; 
28 All breathing human passion far above, 
         That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and cloy'd, 
                A burning forehead, and a parching tongue. 
 
31 Who are these coming to the sacrifice? 
         To what green altar, O mysterious priest, 
Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the skies, 
         And all her silken flanks with garlands drest? 
35 What little town by river or sea shore, 
         Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel, 
                Is emptied of this folk, this pious morn? 
38 And, little town, thy streets for evermore 
         Will silent be; and not a soul to tell 
                Why thou art desolate, can e'er return. 
 
41 O Attic shape! Fair attitude! with brede 
         Of marble men and maidens overwrought, 
With forest branches and the trodden weed; 
         Thou, silent form, dost tease us out of thought 
45 As doth eternity: Cold Pastoral! 
         When old age shall this generation waste, 
                Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe 
48 Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou say'st, 
         "Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is all 
                Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know."
 
(1819)

Based on context, what does "drest" (line 34) mean?

Possible Answers:

Sewn

Beaten

Decorated

Prepared for eating

Painted

Correct answer:

Decorated

Explanation:

"Drest" is an archaic form of "dressed." Aside from this similarity, it is clear that the verb "drest" is referring to the covering of the cow's flanks with garlands. "Decorated" is the answer that most corresponds with this context clue.

Passage adapted from John Keats' "Ode on a Grecian Urn" (1819)

Example Question #25 : Context Based Meaning Of A Word: Poetry

1 Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness, 
       Thou foster-child of silence and slow time, 
Sylvan historian, who canst thus express 
       A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme: 
5 What leaf-fring'd legend haunts about thy shape 
       Of deities or mortals, or of both, 
               In Tempe or the dales of Arcady? 
       What men or gods are these? What maidens loth? 
9 What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? 
               What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy? 
 
11 Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard 
       Are sweeter; therefore, ye soft pipes, play on; 
Not to the sensual ear, but, more endear'd, 
       Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone: 
15 Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave 
       Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare; 
               Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss, 
18 Though winning near the goal yet, do not grieve; 
       She cannot fade, though thou hast not thy bliss, 
               For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair! 
 
21 Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot shed 
         Your leaves, nor ever bid the Spring adieu; 
And, happy melodist, unwearied, 
         For ever piping songs for ever new; 
25 More happy love! more happy, happy love! 
         For ever warm and still to be enjoy'd, 
                For ever panting, and for ever young; 
28 All breathing human passion far above, 
         That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and cloy'd, 
                A burning forehead, and a parching tongue. 
 
31 Who are these coming to the sacrifice? 
         To what green altar, O mysterious priest, 
Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the skies, 
         And all her silken flanks with garlands drest? 
35 What little town by river or sea shore, 
         Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel, 
                Is emptied of this folk, this pious morn? 
38 And, little town, thy streets for evermore 
         Will silent be; and not a soul to tell 
                Why thou art desolate, can e'er return. 
 
41 O Attic shape! Fair attitude! with brede 
         Of marble men and maidens overwrought, 
With forest branches and the trodden weed; 
         Thou, silent form, dost tease us out of thought 
45 As doth eternity: Cold Pastoral! 
         When old age shall this generation waste, 
                Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe 
48 Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou say'st, 
         "Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is all 
                Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know."
 
(1819)

Based on context, what does the word "cloy'd" (line 29) most likely mean?  

Possible Answers:

Content

Pastoral

Uncomfortable

Transcendant

Classical

Correct answer:

Uncomfortable

Explanation:

"Cloyed" means sated to the point of discomfort, over-full. A good guess here is the idea of being "uncomfortable." This is able to be determined from the following context: it is included in a list of other descriptors that denote some sort of discomfort--"high-sorrowful" (line 29), "burning forehead" (line 30), and "parching tongue" (line 30).

Passage adapted from John Keats' "Ode on a Grecian Urn" (1819)

Example Question #21 : Overall Language Or Specific Words, Phrases, Or Sentences

I wake and feel the fell of dark, not day.
What hours, O what black hours we have spent 
This night! what sights you, heart, saw; ways you went! 
And more must, in yet longer light's delay. 
With witness I speak this. But where I say 
Hours I mean years, mean life. And my lament 
Is cries countless, cries like dead letters sent 
To dearest him that lives alas! away. 

I am gall, I am heartburn. God's most deep decree 
Bitter would have me taste: my taste was me; 
Bones built in me, flesh filled, blood brimmed the curse. 
Selfyeast of spirit a dull dough sours. I see 
The lost are like this, and their scourge to be 
As I am mine, their sweating selves; but worse.

(1918) 

In this context, "gall" (line 9) most likely refers to: __________

Possible Answers:

venom 

None of these

bile 

impudence

audacity 

Correct answer:

bile 

Explanation:

One definition of "gall" means, literally, what is in the gall bladder: aka bile. While all the other options are also definitions of "gall," the use of "heartburn" later in the line is a tip-off that Hopkins is using bodily metaphors in this context. 

Passage adapted from "[I wake and feel the fell of dark, not day]" (1918) by Gerald Manley Hopkins. 

Example Question #21 : Context Based Meaning Of A Word: Poetry

Passage adapted from the Prologue of Piers Plowman by William Langland (1390)

With that there ran a rout of rats at once, 
And small mice with them · more than thousand, 
And came to a council · for their common profit; 
For a cat from the Court · came when he liked 
And o'er leaped them lightly · and caught them at will, 
Played with them perilously · and pushed them about. 
`For dread of divers dangers · we dare not look about; 
If we grumble at his game · he will attack us all, 
Scratch us or clutch us · and in his claws hold us,                              
So that we loathe life · ere he lets us go. 
Could we with any wit · his will withstand 
We might be lords above him · and live at our ease.'

In this passage, the word "rout" most closely means ___________________.

Possible Answers:

few

parliament

parade

mob

subset

Correct answer:

mob

Explanation:

In the passage, we see that the "rout of rats" is "more than a thousand," which indicated that "few" and "subset" are incorrect choices. The rats and mice  "came to a council," but there is nothing to indicate that they are a formal parliament, or that they make up a parade. Thus, "mobis the best answer.

Example Question #28 : Context Based Meaning Of A Word: Poetry

Passage adapted from the Prologue of Piers Plowman by William Langland (1390)

With that there ran a rout of rats at once, 
And small mice with them · more than thousand, 
And came to a council · for their common profit; 
For a cat from the Court · came when he liked 
And o'er leaped them lightly · and caught them at will, 
Played with them perilously · and pushed them about. 
`For dread of divers dangers · we dare not look about; 
If we grumble at his game · he will attack us all, 
Scratch us or clutch us · and in his claws hold us,                               
So that we loathe life · ere he lets us go. 
Could we with any wit · his will withstand 
We might be lords above him · and live at our ease.'

In this passage, the word "loathe" most closely means ________________.

Possible Answers:

desire

love

detest

dislike

fear

Correct answer:

detest

Explanation:

The rats and mice are terrorized by the cat. They are in "dread of divers dangers." This eliminates "desire" and "love." "Fear" is incorrect because the rats and mice "dread," or fear, danger, not life. "Dislike" and "detest" are similar, but "detest" indicates a stronger emotion, appropriate for the situation. Thus, "detest" is the best answer.

Example Question #22 : Overall Language Or Specific Words, Phrases, Or Sentences

Passage adapted from the Prologue of Piers Plowman by William Langland (1390)

With that there ran a rout of rats at once, 
And small mice with them · more than thousand, 
And came to a council · for their common profit; 
For a cat from the Court · came when he liked 
And o'er leaped them lightly · and caught them at will, 
Played with them perilously · and pushed them about. 
`For dread of divers dangers · we dare not look about; 
If we grumble at his game · he will attack us all, 
Scratch us or clutch us · and in his claws hold us,                               
So that we loathe life · ere he lets us go. 
Could we with any wit · his will withstand 
We might be lords above him · and live at our ease.'

 

Based on the rest of the passage, what does the word "perilously" mean?

Possible Answers:

Joyfully

Angrily

Safely

Playfully

Dangerously

Correct answer:

Dangerously

Explanation:

We see later in the passage that the rats and mice are "dread of divers dangers." The cat attacks the rats and mice by scratching and clawing them. They are in danger thanks to the cat. Thus, "dangerously" is the correct answer.

Example Question #21 : Overall Language Or Specific Words, Phrases, Or Sentences

1 The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold
And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold; 
And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea,
When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee. 
 
5   Like the leaves of the forest when Summer is green, 
That host with their banners at sunset were seen: 
Like the leaves of the forest when Autumn hath blown, 
That host on the morrow lay withered and strown. 
 
9   For the Angel of Death spread his wings on the blast, 
And breathed in the face of the foe as he passed; 
And the eyes of the sleepers waxed deadly and chill, 
And their hearts but once heaved, and for ever grew still! 
 
13   And there lay the steed with his nostril all wide, 
But through it there rolled not the breath of his pride; 
And the foam of his gasping lay white on the turf, 
And cold as the spray of the rock-beating surf. 
 
17   And there lay the rider distorted and pale, 
With the dew on his brow, and the rust on his mail: 
And the tents were all silent, the banners alone, 
The lances unlifted, the trumpet unblown. 
 
21   And the widows of Ashur are loud in their wail, 
And the idols are broke in the temple of Baal; 
And the might of the Gentile, unsmote by the sword, 
Hath melted like snow in the glance of the Lord!
 
(1815)

Based on context, what is "fold" most likely referring to in line 1?

Possible Answers:

A crease in paper

A gap in the ranks of soldiers

A stream

A fold in fabric

A flock of sheep

Correct answer:

A flock of sheep

Explanation:

The "fold" mentioned in line 1 is a word used to refer to a flock of sheep. This is discernible from context because the image described in line 1 is that of a wolf attacking other animals. "Fold" referring to sheep is therefore the likeliest choice given here.

While the wolf attacking the sheep is presented as a simile for one army attacking another, the word "fold" still refers specifically to sheep within that simile, and there is, furthermore, nothing to suggest that the "wolf" is attacking a "gap" in the soldiery.

Passage adapted from Lord Byron's "The Destruction of Sennacherib" (1815)

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