DNA and RNA are both made of sugar-phosphate backbones. Ribose is the sugar found in RNA; deoxyribose is the sugar found in DNA. DNA also contains the nucleic acid bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Both DNA and RNA contain phosphate groups as part of the backbone.

Histone acetylation is the process of adding acetyl groups to positively charged lysine groups of histones. This process loosens the histone which allows for an easier initiation of transcription, which will lead to greater gene expression. DNA methylation does the opposite by adding methyl groups to DNA and lowering the rate of transcription. Alternative RNA splicing deals with RNA having certain introns and exons spliced out in a manner that produces different strands of mRNA from the same template strand of RNA. Addition of 5’ Terminal Cap and the addition of 3’ Poly A Tail relate to gene expression in that they both have to do with creating mature mRNA that is ready for translation into protein.

mRNA will be found in both the nucleus and in the cytoplasm because it is transcribed from DNA in the nucleus and then exported to the cytoplasm to go through translation. tRNA will be found in the cytoplasm because it is an integral part of translation in that it delivers amino acids to the ribosome. rRNA will also be found in the cytoplasm because it couples with ribosomal proteins to make up the ribosomes found in the cytoplasm. scRNA is also known as small cytoplasmic RNA and has a function that is still not very well known, but they are mostly only found in the cytoplasm. snRNA, or small nuclear RNA, are only found in the nucleus and are an integral part of splicing introns of RNA so it can go onto becoming mRNA.

The three base grouping in RNA that determines the amino acid created in translation is known as a codon. Gene refers to the region on DNA that codes for a given trait. Operators and promoters are also located on DNA, and act as regulatory elements.

tRNA synthetase plays a vital role in translation, but not transcription. tRNA synthetase is the enzyme that binds specific amino acids to corresponding tRNA molecules, and then the tRNA molecules transport the amino acids to the ribosome to create a polypeptide. tRNA molecules are not consumed in this process, and tRNA reserves will not be depleted if tRNA synthetase were non-functional.

Post-transcriptional modification is very beneficial to eukaryotic cells, especially because spliceosomes allow for one primary mRNA transcript to code for multiple different proteins. During this modification, introns are removed from the mRNA transcript, and the exons (remaining segments of mRNA) are shuffled around into the order that creates the protein the cell needs at the moment. While the poly-A tail and methyl cap are also very useful, the poly-A tail is on the 3' end, and the methyl cap is on the 5' end.

There are generally considered to be three major differences between DNA and RNA. 1) DNA has a main sugar of deoxyribose and RNA has a main sugar of ribose, 2) RNA uses uracil instead of thymine, and 3) RNA is almost exclusively a single-stranded nucleic acid. Further, DNA is generally the template that an organism uses to create RNA (except in specific organisms which use reverse transcriptase and use RNA to create DNA).

The main three types of RNA necessary to create a polypeptide are messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). snRNA is also important and can help modify the primary mRNA transcript, but it is only found in eukaryotes and is not absolutely essential to polypeptide formation. Micro RNA (miRNA) is also useful for post-transcriptional modification, but plays a minor role when compared to mRNA/tRNA/rRNA.

mRNA, or messenger RNA, carries genetic information from DNA into a three-letter code that encodes the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide (protein).

DNA contains the genetic instructions for structure and development of living things and stores genetic information over the long term.

tRNA, or transfer RNA, brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation of RNA to protein.  

rRNA, or ribosomal RNA, is a component of ribosomes along with ribosomal proteins. Ribosomes are the cell organelles responsible for translating mRNA to protein.

snRNA, or small nuclear RNA, forms complexes with proteins used in RNA processing. snRNA is found only in eukaryotes.

A primary consumer is any animal that consumes primary producers (autotrophs). Autotrophs consist of any creatures that create their own energy (in the form of sugars) from sunlight. Grass and algae would be considered autotrophs. Deer are the only animals shown here that consume autotrophs and are, therefore, primary consumers.