Transcription is the first process of gene expression and happens before translation.

UAG, UAA, and UGA are stop codons so when they enter the A site of a ribosome they will initiate the termination of translation.

The correct answer is a ribosome bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with bound ribosomes, giving it its “rough” appearance. Proteins that are to be secreted from the cell are translated by ribosomes in the rough ER before moving through the Golgi apparatus and eventually ending up in a vesicle to be secreted from the cell. There are no ribosomes found in the nucleus, bound to smooth ER, or bound to the plasma membrane.

A missense mutation is a type of point mutation (single base pair change) that alters the codon to the creation of a different protein.   

A silent mutation is also a point mutation with a change in one base pair, but with the resulting strand still coding for the same protein (hence the term "silent"). 

A nonsense mutation changes a codon from coding for an amino acid to coding for termination of the protein. The protein may or may not still be functional depending on how much of it is terminated when the mutation occurs.

An insertion is a mutation in which one or more base pairs is added to the coding sequence. Unless the insertion is in a multiple of three (preserving the frame because a codon is made up of three base pairs), it results in a "frame shift" that alters the reading frame of the codons to the right, causing it to code for a different set of proteins.

A deletion is another type of frame shift mutation, in which a base pair (or more) is deleted from the coding sequence, altering the reading frame to code for different proteins in many cases. As with insertions, if the deletion is in a multiple of 3, the frame is preserved as each codon consists of 3 base pairs.

The correct answer is "tertiary." Translation is a process performed by ribosomes to link amino acids together in a chain, and the order of the amino acids is based on a code from mRNA. The order of the amino acids in the chain is the primary structure. The secondary structure is the folding in that chain, mainly based on hydrogen bonds between parts of the chain and the surrounding water molecules. The tertiary structure is the actual three-dimensional structure of the protein. Disulfide bonds are covalent bonds between cysteine residues and are stronger than hydrogen bonds and give a stable, three-dimensional structure to what was originally just a chain of amino acids.

The primary structure of a protein is simply the linear amino acid sequence from which the protein is made. "Secondary structure" refers to the folding and coiling of this single strand as it interacts with itself, forming hydrogen bonds between amino acids of that strand. Alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets are two different types of secondary structures that can be formed by hydrogen-bonding between amino acids of a protein sequence that has folded over onto itself. "Tertiary structure" refers to the final three-dimensional structure of a single protein subunit. "Quaternary structure" refers to the non-covalent interactions between multiple protein subunits which come together to form a larger protein.

This question ultimately hinges on knowing the difference between ribozymes and spliceosomes because transferase, hydrolase, and lyase should all be recognized as proteins that function as enzymes. Transferase catalyzes reactions that facilitate the transfer of functional groups. Hydrolase works to catalyze hydrolysis reactions. Lyase works to catalyze reactions that break down double bonds. Spliceosomes are a unit of proteins and RNA that work to catalyze reactions that splice out introns in RNA to form mature mRNA ready for translation. Ribozymes are important because they also splice RNA into mRNA, but they do not have a protein component to them. The discovery of Ribozymes was a breakthrough in that it was the first evidence that not all enzymes are proteins.

Enzymes have an "optimal temperature," or best temperature that they work at. If that temperature is below or above its optimal temperature, the enzyme will decrease in activity; if the temperature change is great enough, the enzyme could even denature (no longer work).

The questions is asking how enzymes affect reactions. The function of an enzyme is to speed up chemical reactions, which will increase the overall rate of the reaction, thus "increasing the rate of the reaction" is the correct answer. 

The function of an enzyme is to speed up chemical reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy, which is the minimum energy that must be available for a chemical reaction to occur. If the energy required is lowered, the reaction can go faster. Thus the correct answer is an enzyme changes "the activation energy of the reaction."