A number of the options presented as answers to this question are tempting, as they seem to apply to the case of the textbook being considered. Certainly, the new textbook would represent or declare the scientist’s work. These are all insufficient, when one notes the key expression, “after forty years.” The implication is that the textbook is the summary or “high point” of a long process of work. A “culmination” is the pinnacle or high point of some process, often implying that such a process took significant time to complete. It comes Latin roots meaning “summit.”

A “reverie” is a state of daydreaming.  When the term is used to describe a type of music, it implies that the music is meant to invoke the feeling of such a dreamy state.  The other options either exceed the implications of the sentence (“dementia” and “lunacy”) or do not capture this sense of dreaming (“discussion” and “discourse”). 

The key thing to note in reading this sentence is that the shirt is functioning to stop bleeding at its source. Although a bandage or strap might do this, a tourniquet is the best choice because this is explicitly a device used for stopping the flow of blood by constricting the vessel through which it is flowing.

Here, it is necessary to know the meaning of “précis” in order to be certain about the necessary meaning of the needed word. Strictly speaking, a précis is a summary of some longer text. It is not necessarily superficial or reductive in its presentation of the longer source. It merely provides a short summary. Therefore, the best option for our sentence is “succinct,” which means brief in form or expression. It is derived from root words that mean “encircled.” The word “cincture,” meaning a belt, is an example of another related word.

The teenagers, in looking to escape persecution, are seeking a place of safety. Such a place would be a “haven,” a word that we often see in the combined expression “safe haven.” The word can also be used to indicate an inlet or port at which ships can dock.

When an organ enlarges because of an increase in cellular size, it is said to undergo hypertrophy. This word is derived from a prefix that likely is familiar, “hyper,” and a base “trophy,” that is perhaps not as familiar in its root meaning. “Hyper” means “above” or “beyond,” as found in words like “hyperbole,” “hyperactive,” and “hypersensitive.” The “trophy” portion is derived from the Greek “trophe,” meaning “nourishment.” Something that is “hypertropic” is “over-nourished” in the sense of having too much fluid and material within its cells.

Since Susanne could barely function as a human being, she would most exactly be considered an “invalid,” a word indicating a person who has been disabled from injury or illness. Literally, the word means “lacking strength.” The “-valid” portion comes from root words related to the notion of strength, as found in other English words like “valor,” “valid,” and “prevail.” Do not be tempted to choose “comatose.” First, there is no direct indication that she has been put into a coma. Secondly, the form of the word does not fit in the sentence, as “comatose” is an adjective that really cannot be used substantively as a noun (as is needed in this sentence).

Since we are told nothing about Julius’ goals and career expectations, it would be unacceptable to choose a work implying that the award marks the completion of his career or the fulfillment of his motives for doing his work; therefore, it is best to interpret the sentence as merely asserting that Julius believes himself to have reached the “high point” of his career. Strictly speaking, a “pinnacle” is a high, steep rock or mountain, though the word by extension means “high point,” understood both physically as well as with regard to human accomplishment.

The key phrase in this sentence is “have been performed . . .” This indicates that the focus is on a given interpretive performance of the works, here playing the original harpsichord music on the organ instead. Such interpretive activity is often called a “rendition,” a word related to “render,” in the sense of “giving something back but in an another form.” There is implied, therefore, some kind of “translation,” as would be the case here when the harpsichord music is “translated” into an organ performance.

Since the authors in question are said to have written outlines and explications, these works would best be called “commentaries.” Such works are written with the explicit intention of giving an explanation of someone else’s works. The persons writing such works are called “commentators.”