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Flashcards: Comparing and Contrasting Arguments in Paired Passages
Passage #1
Adapted from "On War" by James Boswell (1777)
When I saw workingmen engaged with grave assiduity in fashioning weapons of death, I was struck with wonder at the shortsightedness of human beings, who were soberly preparing the instruments of destruction of their own species. I have since found upon a closer study of man, that my wonder might have been spared. The views of most individuals are limited to their own happiness, and the workmen whom I beheld so busy in the arsenal of Venice saw nothing but what was good in the labor for which they received such wages as procured them the comforts of life. That their immediate satisfaction was not hindered by a view of the remote consequential and contingent evils for which they were responsible would not surprise one who has had seen too much of the world. We must have the telescope of philosophy to make us perceive distant ills; further, we know that there are individuals of our species to whom the immediate misery of others is nothing in comparison with their own advantage—for we know that in every age there have been found men very willing to perform the office of executioner.
Passage #2
Adapted from "What is Patriotism?" by Max Eastman (1915)
With proper recognition of the possible variation of individuals, we can say that patriotism is one of these unalterable facts of man's nature. A talent for fighting solidarity with a group is a part of the instinct of human beings. It is composed of two tendencies that are laid down in his nervous system when he is born called pugnacity and gregariousness, or group-loyalty. All men and most animals are pugnacious. They love to fight. Everybody loves to fight. Some people get all the fighting they want at the breakfast table, and other people have to carry it out in the law courts or the battlefield, where it makes more noise. [Theodore] Roosevelt loves to charge up San Juan Hill, and then he loves to prosecute for libel anybody that says he didn't charge up San Juan Hill. War people fight for war and peace people fight for peace. When Roosevelt calls the peace people mollycoddles and college sissies, I only want to walk up and smash him.
It is far better though that we should conquer our instinct to fight and put faith in reason. It may seem gigantic; but it is by no means a utopian undertaking to unite the whole world of nations in such a federation. For all the organic interests of men, except their sheer love of patriotic fighting itself, are against the perpetual recurrence of international war. War and the mere joy of existence are incompatible. War makes it impossible to live, and it makes it impossible even to die for a noble purpose. Let men but understand themselves, and the mechanism of their emotions by which they are brought into this perennial catastrophe, and they will be ready enough to take gigantic measures to prevent it.
How would the author of Passage 2 likely respond to the statement made by the author of Passage 1 that, “the views of most individuals are limited to their own happiness"?
Happiness is not relevant to the understanding of war.
Happiness can never come from patriotic fever.
Individual happiness is nonetheless often derived from group association.
Most individuals lack the understanding to work for anything other than their own happiness.
All SAT Critical Reading Resources
The 2016 revised SAT deviates from the old version of the test in some major ways. If you are a high school student planning your schedule for the coming years, there are things you have to start thinking about now to be ready for the new test. The SAT is among the most well-known hurdles you may have to face on your way to the college and career of your dreams. Whether you need top SAT tutors in New York, SAT tutors in Chicago, or SAT tutors in Los Angeles, working with a pro may take your studies to the next level.
Almost all standardized tests seek to gauge your ability to think critically, and the SAT is no different. To accomplish this goal, the 2016 version of the SAT is broken down into two major sections: the Evidence-Based Reading & Writing section and the Math section. There is also an optional essay section, scored separately.
The Evidence-Based Reading & Writing section is really two tests. The reading portion of this test is probably more like the SAT that you have grown up hearing about. You are going to have to use your powers of deduction, inference, and reasoning to face questions based on provided material.
Specifically, you will be given four individual passages, and then one paired passage to interpret. But remember, the SAT is testing your critical reasoning skills. It wants to make sure that you have the skills to excel in college where rote memorization is not enough. As a result, you aren’t going to be asked simple questions about the passages. Instead, you can expect questions demanding that you interpret complex material. Specifically, you can expect questions asking you to identify the conceptual ideas in an indicated portion of the passage and questions asking you to making sense of the vocabulary and rhetorical strategies used.
You may see a question that gives you data in a graph, or a part of a historical document. Can you draw inferences from graphical depictions of scientific experiments? Can you ascertain the definition of a word based on its context? Maybe you are not entirely sure what the word “ascertain” means; are you able to figure it out from the context of the previous sentence?
If you question your ability to succeed on a test that features these kinds of questions, you are not alone. Doing well on such tests can be especially difficult under time pressure, and your exam includes fifty-two questions to be answered in sixty-five minutes. You not only have to develop great reading skills, but great test-taking skills as well. Varsity Tutors also offers resources like a free SAT prep book to help with your self-paced study, or you may want to consider an SAT Critical Reading tutor.
You can develop these skills best by practice! Doing practice questions, and working with tutors or teachers can help you highlight where you need to focus your efforts while studying. You can also use Varsity Tutors’ free SAT Critical Reading resources in working to bolster your reading comprehension and analysis skills. Our free SAT Critical Reading flashcards in particular can suit your study habits if you find you have a busy schedule but still want to incorporate SAT prep into your spare moments. Each of our SAT Critical Reading flashcards contains a question and the passage to which it relates; selecting an answer choice reveals the correct response as well as a full explanation of how to arrive at it. Registering for a free Learning Tools account can help you track your progress as you review. As you get more comfortable with the types of questions you will see, answering almost a question a minute on test day will seem much less frightening. In addition to the SAT Critical Reading Flashcards and SAT Critical Reading tutoring, you may also want to consider taking some of our SAT Critical Reading practice tests.
It is important to recognize that the skill sets tested on the SAT are critical to your long-term success. Developing your reading comprehension and test-taking skills now can help make your SAT Evidence-Based Reading exam easier to face, but it can also position you for academic success in the years to come.
