The implication in this sentence is indirect, but it seems clear that it had not been recognized how many works James had written during his lifetime. After his death, people realized that he had written many works, which would mean that he was “prolific.”

There are two things to note in this sentence. First, there is an opposition involved, thus ruling out the option “organic.” Second, the opposition is not between healthful and unhealthful tissue but between sinewy muscle and fatty tissue of some sort. Adipose tissue is that tissue that stores fat for an animal. Even if you did not know the term, it would be possible to eliminate the other options if you recognize the points noted above.

A menial job is one that does not require much in the way of skills and is viewed as having little worth. That this is the correct answer is indicated by the discussion of experience and skills in the second sentence. In more dated contexts, the word can mean more specifically the work done by household servants.

The key to the contrast being made here is the variance of Quinn’s family’s manners with his refined ones. The best choice is “gauche,” which means that something lacks grace or is unsophisticated. This is closer to the contrast than the other options. The word is derived from the French for “left,” and left-handedness often has a certain negative cultural connotation in the West. For instance, the word “sinister” is derived from similar French and Latin backgrounds for the word “left.”

The sense of the word to be chosen must express the notion of being “crucial,” “central,” or something of the like. The word “cardinal” comes from the Latin for “hinge” (as in “door hinge”). Something is cardinal when everything else “hinges” on its success or ability.

In comparison with his friends’ opinions of his argument, Adam thinks that he has given solid reasoning that does not only rely up on the emotive and stylistic force of the words used (as would be the case in a rhetorical argument).  Although such solid reasoning would lucidly present the conclusions, the very style of rigorous reasoning is best called “demonstrative,” a word clearly related to the verb “to demonstrate,” coming from the root meaning “to show.”  It is related to the word “remonstrate,” meaning “to protest forcefully.”  Likewise, it is related to the Roman Catholic liturgical instrument called a “monstrance,” which is used to “show” the communion for devotional exercises.

The key expression in this sentence is the one stating that Gina “feared being caught.”  Since she fears detection, she would want to “sneak” out of bed.  Someone acting furtively is acting in such a way as not to be noticed.  The word comes from the Latin for “theft,” though the English word merely needs to imply that one does not desire to be caught (for fear of some repercussion—real or imagined).

Based on the description provided, one could say that Joseph was an “outgoing” person. If someone is “extroverted,” they are literally said to be “turned outward” in the sense of being engaged with the world in an active manner.  The word comes from the prefix “extra-”, which means “outside of” and a stem that is derived from several Latin words for “to turn.”  The latter can be found in English words like “convert,” “introvert,” “versatile,” and “inversion.”

The contrast in this sentence is between matters internal and external to the state.  The word “domestic” is derived from Latin roots for “home” found in words like “domicile” and “domesticate.”  The word has an extended meaning when applied to political affairs, indicating that certain classes of actions and undertakings are related to matters “at home” as opposed to those that are “abroad.”

Someone with “plenipotentiary” authority is authorized to act on behalf of a nation (or any other person / group / etc) in any fashion whatsoever.  Such a person is said to have “full authority,” a meaning that comes out in the literal meanings of the parts of the word.  “Pleni-” is derived from the Latin “plenus” meaning “full” or “complete” and is found in English words like “plenty” and “plenitude.”  The second half (“-potentiary”) comes from roots meaning “power” or “ability” and is related to words like “potency,” “impotent,” and “potential.”