Bones are made up of the following three primary tissue types:

I: Cortical bone, which is the hard exterior layer (also referred to as "compact bone);

II: Cancellous bone, which is the porous bone tissue that fills the center of bones (also referred to as "spongy bone" or "trabecular" bone tissue); and

III: Bone marrow, a hematopoietic tissue that fills spaces in trabecular bone.

The functional unit of compact bone is the osteon. The osteon is formed by concentric layers of compact bone called lamellae. These surround a central canal called the haversian canal. Trabeculae are the functional units of cancellous (spongy) bone.

Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for the deposition of hydroxyapatite into bone matrix. In addition to hydroxyapatite, they synthesize collagen, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. Osteocytes are undifferentiated osteoblasts, while osteoclast cells function in opposition to osteoblasts by removal of mineralization from the bony matrix. Myelocytes and normoblasts are both hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow and do not take part in bone mineralization.

The haversian canal allows capillaries and nerves to pass through the cortical bone to nourish osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts. Both the white and the red bone marrow are contained within trabecular bone, while the periosteum is a thin, highly innervated membrane on the outside of bone. 

Variation in color of bone marrow cells is not related to their level of activity, calcification, or the types of blood cells they produce. Rather, "red marrow" is primarily hematopoietic cells (both red and white progenitor cells) while "yellow marrow" is primarily composed of fat cells. 

Growth in long bones occurs at the epiphyseal plate, a region of hyaline cartilage at the metaphysis of the bone. In adolescents and children, cartilage cells are ossified by osteoblasts to increase bone length. Once adulthood is reached, the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line at the junction of the epiphysis and the diaphysis (the center of the bone). The diaphysis and epiphysis themselves are composed of mature ossified bone and do not proliferate (they are simply added to by transformation of cells in the epiphyseal plate). A suture is a fibrous joint of the cranium and does not contribute to the development of long bones.

Long bones are lengthened during childhood and adolescence via a process referred to as endochondral ossification. In this process, chondrocytes of the growth plate hypertrophy and eventual die, leaving cavities that are then colonized by osteoprogenitor cells. These osteoprogenitor cells then differentiate into osteoblasts, which mineralize the newly forming bone. None of the other answers are actual processes in bone formation or physiology.

In adults, hematopoietic bone marrow is generally confined to the flat bones, including the sternum, the skull, the ribs, and the pelvis. Hematopoietic bone marrow also exists in the proximal end of the femur in most adults, but is not generally found in the tibia or fibula. 

Muscle attaches to bone via tendons, fibrous extensions of the sheath of the muscle body that are primarily composed of tightly packed collagen fibers. In comparison, ligaments attach bones to other bones without involvement with a muscle, such as the ligaments between the metacarpals of the wrist. Sutures are fibrous joints of the cranium, and hyaline cartilage is at the point of articulation of many bones but it is neither incorporated into muscle structure, nor does it attach to the bone with which it articulates. Rather, articular cartilage primarily serves to allow bones to glide more easily over each other during movement.

The individual contractile unit of a muscle fibril is referred to as the sarcomere. These units are made of actin and myosin filaments and joined by Z-lines. The sliding filament theory refers to the idea that muscle contraction is the result of myosin strands within the fibril pulling themselves along actin strands similar to pulling on a rope, which shortens the whole sarcomere. The sarcolemma is the specialized cell membrane around the muscle fibril, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum found within the muscle cell.