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Example Questions
Example Question #251 : Nclex
Which of the following microbes is the most common cause of infectious vomiting and diarrhea in infants and small children?
Norovirus
Giardia parasite
Rotavirus
E. coli bacteria
Rotavirus
The majority of infectious vomiting and diarrhea in infants and young children is viral in origin, with the most commonly implicated virus being rotavirus. Norovirus is another common cause of viral gastroenteritis in individuals of all ages, though it is not as common in young children as rotavirus.
Example Question #252 : Nclex
Zika virus is primarily dangerous to which of the following populations?
Young children
Pregnant women
Unborn fetuses
The elderly
Unborn fetuses
In most children and adults, Zika virus causes a mild fever characterized by myalgia, fatigue, and headache. The population most at risk for serious complications from the disease is unborn fetuses. Exposure to Zika virus before birth has been associated with microcephaly, a frequently fatal disorder of abnormal skull and brain development.
Example Question #253 : Nclex
Which of the following are structurally similar to the influenza virus
Paramyxoviruses
Coronaviridae
Togaviridae
Retroviridae
Rhabdoviridae
Paramyxoviruses
Each of these viral families or groups has an RNA genome and envelope. The Paramyxoviruses are structurally the most closely related to influenza, since both are negative sense RNA viruses and many of the paramyxoviruses contain a neuraminidase and hemagglutinin. There are some notable differences, however. In the paramyxoviruses, both neuraminidase and hemagglutinin functions contained in a single glycoprotein on one type of spike, whereas in influenza, these functions are accomplished by two separate glycoproteins which on two types of spikes (except for Influenza C, which has both functions on a single glycoprotein). In addition, the genome is segmented in influenza, but not in the paramyxoviruses. The viruses in the Togaviridae and Coronaviridae families differ from the Influenza viruses in that they have a positive sense RNA genome. Viruses in the Rhabdoviridae family, which includes the vesicular stomatitis virus and the rabies virus, are bacilliform negative-stranded RNA viruses.
Example Question #254 : Nclex
Paramyxoviruses possess hemagglutinin and neuraminidase that are present on the
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Same spike
Golgi bodies
Different spikes
Same spike
Paramyxoviruses possess hemagglutinin and neuraminidase that are present on the same spike. This is in contrast to the orthomyxoviruses that possess hemagglutinin and neuraminidase on different spikes.
Example Question #255 : Nclex
These enveloped, pleomorphic, and ss-RNA viruses cause respiratory infections by droplet nuclei or contact transmission. These belong to the orthomyxovirus group and are called what??
Parainfluenza virus
Lentiviruses
Respiratory syncytial virus
Influenza virus
Influenza virus
The influenza virus is a member of the orthomyxovirus group and is an enveloped ss-RNA virus. Lentiviruses are a group of retroviruses which include HIV-1. Parainfluenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belong to the paramyxovirus group.
Example Question #256 : Nclex
Which of the following is the most common cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease?
Rotavirus
Coxsackievirus A
Herpes Simplex Virus
Lassa Fever
Parainfluenza Virus
Coxsackievirus A
Laryngotracheobronchitis, commonly known as croup, is one of the serious manifestation of parainfluenza virus infection in infants and young children. Parainfluenza type 1 is a common cause of croup, which results in subglottal swelling and airway obstruction. Major clinical manifestations include hoarseness, "barking" cough, tachypnea, tachycardia, and suprasternal retraction.
Cold sore is a recurrent mucocutaneous infection caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV). The individual retains HSV-1 DNA in the trigeminal ganglion for life following recovery from primary oropharyngeal HSV infection. Cold sores, also known as herpetic labialis, are manifested as a result of activation of HSV from the trigeminal ganglia. Cold sores are characterized by development of a cluster of vesicles around the mucocutaneous junction of the lips.
Rotaviruses can survive the acidic environment in stomach. The virus infects the small intestine and damages the epithelial cell lining the villi. The virus causes permeability changes and cell lysis, leading to malabsorption with water and electrolyte imbalance. Rotaviruses are a major cause of diarrhea in young children and are associated with outbreaks in preschool and day care-centers. Rotaviruses cause extensive tissue damage, leading to serious fluid and electrolyte loss.
Lassa fever virus is an Arenavirus associated with hemorrhagic fever. Lassa fever virus is enzootic in the West African peridomestic rodent. The rodent transmits the virus to the human by contaminating the house with urine. The infection is characterized by fever, headache, malaise, coagulopathy, petechiae, vomiting, pharyngitis, and occasional visceral hemorrhage. Serious manifestations include carditis, hepatitis, encephalopathy, pneumonitis, conjunctivitis, etc. Cardiovascular collapse results in death in 20% of the hospitalized cases.
Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a vesicular exanthem caused by coxsackievirus A16. It is characterized by ulcerating vesicles on hand, foot, mouth, and tongue along with mild fever. The disease subsides in a few days on its own.
Example Question #252 : Nclex
Adenoviruses are transmitted by:
Adenoviruses are transmitted by:
Mosquito bite
Aerosol-droplet
Tick bite
Fecal-oral
Direct inoculation of conjunctive by tonometers or fingers
Aerosol-droplet
Adenoviruses are transmitted by aerosol-droplets. They are not transmitted by fecal / oral route, direct inoculation of conjunctiva by tonometers or fingers, or tick or mosquito bite.
Example Question #257 : Nclex
Rubella virus is a member of the family of:
Neisseria
Picornavirus
Adenovirus
Togavirus
Herpes Virus
Togavirus
Rubella virus is a member of the togavirus family and not the herpes virus, neisseriae (family of bacteria), adenovirus, and picornavirus.
Example Question #32 : Viruses And Other Microorganisms
Which of the following clinical conditions is associated with the Coxsackievirus type B?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Bornholm Disease
herpangina
Gingivostomatitis
Bornholm Disease
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a human carcinogen associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is higher in a person who becomes infected with HBV earlier in life. The pattern observed is: person develops chronic hepatitis leading to cirrhosis of the liver and eventually to liver cancer 20-50 years post-infection. The genome of HBV is small and comprises a small, circular, partially double stranded DNA molecule. HBV replicates in hepatocyte and involves RNA intermediate and a virus coded reverse transcriptase. HBV can become integrated into the cellular chromosome during chronic infection and may promote genetic instability in the cell.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a member of the Herpesviridae family and consists of a double stranded DNA genome. Primary infection with HSV-1 mostly involves the mouth and/or throat. Gingivostomatitis is a classic clinical presentation of HSV-1 infection. It is characterized by formation of vesicles on the mouth and gums, which rupture to become ulcers.
Coxsackievirus type A and coxsackievirus type B are members of the Picornaviridae family. Picornaviruses are naked viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid. The genome consists of single molecule of single stranded RNA.Coxsackievirus type A is associated with herpangina, which is commonly seen in children. Herpangina is a severe febrile pharyngitis characterized by vesicles or nodules primarily on the soft palate.
Coxsackievirus type B is associated with Bornholm disease seen mainly in older children and young adults. Bornholm disease is myositis and is also called Pleurodynia. It is characterized by paroxysms of stabbing pain in the chest muscles and abdomen muscles
Example Question #257 : Nclex
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a late neurological sequelae of infection from what virus?
Hepatitis B virus
Papillomavirus
Orthoreovirus
Measles virus
Parvovirus B19
Measles virus
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a serious, late, and rare neurological complication occurring 1-10 years after recovery from measles. This fatal disease is characterized by a very slow replication and spread of measles virus in the brain. Patients with SSPE do not show a high number of measles viruses in the brain, but they demonstrate unusually high levels of measles antibody in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Many years after recovering from measles, patients develop changes in personality, behavior, and memory; those symptoms are followed by myoclonic jerks, blindness, and spasticity.
Orthoreovirus mostly causes asymptomatic or mild infections in human.
Persistent infection with Hepatitis B can develop into chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Papillomavirus is associated with skin warts, Condyloma acuminatum, genital malignancies, respiratory papillomatosis, and focal epithelial hyperplasia.
Parvovirus B19 is the etiological agent of erythema infectiosum primarily seen in children. Parvovirus B19 is also associated with chronic anemia in immunodeficient patients. Infection with this virus during pregnancy can cause anemia and congestive cardiac failure in the fetus and can lead to miscarriage or stillbirth.