Diphtheria is an illness caused by bacteria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae). It is spread through droplets, requiring droplet precautions. Standard precautions should also be used, as with any patient. Delivery of antitoxin and antibiotics are important to a patient's recovery. Enforcing bedrest is important after a patient has developed myocarditis (inflammation of the heart).

Children under 4 years of age hold the greatest risk of contracting Pertussis and developing serious complications, including death. Pertussis vaccines are recommended for all age groups. Children can start a vaccination series as early as 2 months of age. New parents are encouraged to become vaccinated before their baby arrives to prevent transmission before the infant is eligible for immunization.

Measles is an airborne illness. For that reason, air pressure devices are necessary to prevent the spread of infection. Negative air pressure devices will adequately contain the measles virus because air will flow in to the room as opposed to out. Conversely, positive air pressure devices may be used to create an air flow out of a room in severely immunocompromised patients. 

Children and adults with exceptional personal hygiene are equally affected by head lice. The same applies to people of all socioeconomic groups, genders, and nationalities. All of the other options are true nursing interventions for head lice.

Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection caused by group A Streptococcus that is transmitted through the air. Children who are sensitive to the bacterial toxin may develop a rash, although some will not. Infants and toddlers under the age of two are rarely seen with the disease. 

Avoid squeezing the infant's heel if possible. Squeezing causes hemolysis of the specimen. Too much pressure may also result in damage to the tissue. Turning off the bilirubin treatment lights is also important because exposure to the light may alter the bilirubin in the sample. Cleansing the site of puncture is important, and warming the area will increase the capillary blood flow.

The most likely diagnosis in this case is pertussis, also known as whooping cough. This is caused by Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative encapsulated coccobacillus. It begins as a seemingly normal upper respiratory infection, which progresses two weeks after onset into paroxysms of 5-15 violent coughs followed by a forceful inspiratory gasp, often described as a "whoop." Coughing is often forceful enough to induce vomiting, nosebleeds, or subconjunctival hemorrhage. Croup, pneumonia, and bronchitis are all conditions that include cough, though none of them will generally present with this degree of gasping, vomiting, or blood vessel damage due to cough.

Strawberry tongue (glossitis) and maculopapular ("sandpaper") rash are commonly seen in scarlet fever, a condition caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria, often after a bout of strep throat. The other exanthems listed can all cause erythematous rash, though none are associated with glossitis.

Parotid gland enlargement, fever, myalgia, and tender salivary glands are all indicative of infection with the mumps virus. Symptoms typically last for 7-10 days, though sequelae such as hearing damage and testicular disorders can be long-lasting or even permanent. 

The APGAR score is 8, the child has received a score of 2 under respiration for good cry, a score of 2 under cry reflex for vigorous crying, a score of 2 under reflexes for good reflexes, a score of 1 for heart rate of 97 (under 100 bpm), and and score of 1 for color for acrocyanosis (blue limbs, pink body).