The pneumonic to remember the hormone of the anterior pituitary is "FLAT PEG." Hormones in the word "FLAT" are tropic hormones, meaning that they act upon other endocrine glands as their target organs. Hormones in the word "PEG" are direct hormones, meaning they act directly on non-endocrine organs.

F - Follicle-stimulating hormone

L - Luteinizing hormone

A - Adrenocorticotropic hormone

T - Thyroid-stimulating hormone

P - Prolactin

E - Endorphins

G - Growth hormone

All hormones travel through the bloodstream in order to reach their target cells, but nonpolar hormones typically require a carrier protein. A key difference between peptide hormones and steroid hormones is their solubility. Peptide hormones are polar, which makes it difficult for them to pass through cell membranes. As a result, they attach to a receptor on the outside of the membrane. Steroid hormones, on the other hand, are nonpolar and can pass through cell membranes. They enter the nucleus and directly affect the cell at the transcription level.

There are three main types of hormones: peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and tyrosine derivatives. Only peptide hormones are soluble in water, and do not require carrier proteins in the bloodstream. Oxytocin is a peptide hormone, so it will not require a carrier protein.

Aldosterone and testosterone are all steroid hormones, and require a carrier protein. Triiodothyronine (T3) is a tyrosine derivative, and also requires a carrier.

It is important to know the three types of hormones: steroid, peptide, and tyrosine-derived hormones. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and the catecholamines (including epinephrine) are tyrosine-derived hormones. Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and growth hormone are all peptide hormones. Steroid hormones include testosterone and estrogen. 

It is important to know the three types of hormones: steroid, peptide, and tyrosine-derived hormones. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and the catecholamines (including epinephrine) are tyrosine-derived hormones. Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and growth hormone are all peptide hormones. Steroid hormones include testosterone and estrogen.

The question specifies that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) binds to cell surface receptors. This is in contrast to steroid hormones, which are derived from cholesterol and bind to intracellular receptors before moving to the nucleus to directly modify gene expression. Remember, steroids are fat soluble and thus have no need for a receptor on the cell surface; they are small and nonpolar, allowing them to cross the membrane freely. In contrast, peptide hormones are not able to traverse the lipid membrane, and thus require a surface receptor.

One commonality between all steroid hormones is that they are active in the nucleus. Due to their nonpolar design, these hormones can pass through phospholipid membranes. All steroid hormones can be derived from cholesterol. This class of hormones includes testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and aldosterone.

The other two classes of hormones are peptide hormones and tyrosine derivatives. Peptide hormones are proteins, synthesized from amino acids residues, and are unable to cross the lipid membrane due to their size and polarity. Thyroid-stimulating hormone is a peptide hormone. Tyrosine derivatives are modified from molecules of the amino acid tyrosine, making them polar. Thyroid hormones and epinephrine are derived from tyrosine.

Glucose is not used to synthesize hormones.

It is important to know the three types of hormones: steroid, peptide, and tyrosine-derived hormones. T4, known as tetraiodothyronine, and the catecholamines are tyrosine-derived hormones. Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and growth hormone are all peptide hormones. Steroid hormones include testosterone and estrogen.

Hormones that bind to cytoplasmic receptors are nonpolar. Nonpolar hormones can pass through the nonpolar phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane, while polar hormones cannot pass through the cell membrane and must bind to receptors on the surface of the cell. Steroids are nonpolar hormones while peptide hormones are polar hormones. Estrogen is a steroid, and is therefore the correct answer.

Transmembrane receptors are only needed for molecules that CANNOT pass through the cell membrane. Growth hormone, insulin, calcitriol, and secretin are examples of molecules that cannot pass the cell membrane. Their respective receptors are transmembrane receptors. Cortisol, on the other hand, is a cholesterol derivative and can pass through the cell membrane due to its hydrophobic elements. Therefore cortisol receptors are not transmembrane receptors.