LSAT Logical Reasoning : Flaw
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Example Questions
Example Question #1 : Determining The Flaw In The Argument
Basketball scout: Over the last 25 years, every professional basketball player who was at least 6 feet 6 inches tall could dunk a basketball. Maurice will begin his professional basketball career this coming year and his amatuer team lists him as 6 feet 7 inches tall. Thus, Maurice definitely will be able to dunk.
The basketball scout’s argument is most vulnerable to which one of the following objections?
The argument relies on data provided by Maurice's amatuer team without examining the reliability of such data.
The argument misinterprets evidence that a result is likely as evidence that the result is certain.
The argument mistakes a condition sufficient for bringing about a result for a condition necessary for doing so.
The argument draws a general conclusion about a group based on data about an unrepresentative sample of that group.
The argument infers that a characteristic of a certain subset of basketball players is shared by all basketball players.
The argument misinterprets evidence that a result is likely as evidence that the result is certain.
25 years of data is pretty good evidence that players standing at least 6 feet, 6 inches tall are likely to be able to dunk. However, the possibility always exists that Maurice is an outlier and can't dunk or that circumstances have changed and the last 25 years are not indicative of what will happen in the future (e.g., maybe basket heights have been raised by 2 feet, making it more difficult to dunk). Thus, certainty as to Maurice's dunking ability is not possible based on the evidence presented.
Example Question #1 : Flaw
Jim: My friends say I am putting my life in danger by snowboarding recklessly. But I have done some research, and apparently skiers have much lower accident rates than snowboarders. So, trading in my snowboard for a a pair of skis would lower my risk of having an accident.
Jim’s argument is most vulnerable to criticism on which of the following grounds?
The argument fails to take into account that Jim's friends are medical professionals.
The argument assumes that a correlation between two phenomena is evidence that one is the cause of the other.
The argument confuses the causes of a problem with the appropriate solutions to that problem.
The argument relies on information from a source that may be biased.
The argument relies on a sample that is too narrow.
The argument assumes that a correlation between two phenomena is evidence that one is the cause of the other.
The fact the skiers have lower accident rates than snowboarders may not have any bearing on whether either activity is safer for Jim. That is, just because skiing is more correlated with safety than snowboarding does not mean that skiing is inherently safer than snowboarding; it is possible that skiers, as a group, tend to act less recklessly than snowboarders making the activity appear safer. In such a scenario, if Jim continues his reckless ways as a skier, he may be no better off than if he had continued to snowboard.
Example Question #1 : Determining The Flaw In The Argument
The statement "all blue birds are birds" is true. Thus, by analogy, the statement "all suspected terrorists are terrorists" is also true.
The reasoning in the argument above is flawed because it fails to recognize that
The relationship between being a bird and being suspected is not of the same kind as that between being blue and being a terrorist.
Not all terrorists are suspected
Not all birds are blue.
The relationship between being a blue bird and being a bird is not of the same kind as that between being a suspected terrorist and being a terrorist.
The relationship between being a bird and being a terrorist is not of the same kind as that between being blue and being suspected.
The relationship between being a blue bird and being a bird is not of the same kind as that between being a suspected terrorist and being a terrorist.
It’s true that all blue birds are certainly birds — blue birds are a subset of the larger set of all birds. But a suspected terrorist may not be a terrorist at all. Just because "blue" and "suspected" are both used as adjectives to modify nouns does not mean that they modify the nouns in the same way.
Example Question #1 : Flaw
Modern medicine has taken a turn for the worse. Doctors prescribe treatments that can cause serious side effects. The ailments that doctors treat have existed for many years. Yet, the treatments prescribed are novel and dangerous. Treatment side effects cause not only things like itchy eyes or upset stomachs, but rather, depression, heart failure, and damaged immune systems. Natural remedies are preferable because they have been used widely for thousands of years. Also, most natural remedies carry comparatively low risk of serious side effects.
The argument is most clearly flawed for which of the following reasons?
The argument fails to address whether natural remedies cause side effects as severe as those of modern treatments
The argument assumes a preference for treatments that have existed for a longer time than treatments that are newer
The argument offers no reason why natural remedies are preferable to modern treatments
The argument relies heavily on an appeal to emotion
The argument draws an overly broad conclusion
The argument assumes a preference for treatments that have existed for a longer time than treatments that are newer
The argument asserts that natural remedies cause less severe side effects than modern medical treatments, but it also makes an independent argument that natural remedies have been around for a long time. Without additional information, there is no support for concluding that one thing is better than another because it has been used for a longer time.
Example Question #1 : Flaw
Groups that oppose action to reduce emission of gases that contribute to global warming have major incentives to deny the existence of global warming. Many of these groups are backed by wealthy individuals or corporations that have a lot to lose from a new regulatory regime governing greenhouse gas emissions. This makes it likely that these groups’ publications will contain inaccurate information or misrepresent scientific evidence about global warming.
This argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it:
Does not show that supporters of regulation on global warming do not have similar incentives to confirm the existence of global warming.
Assumes without providing justification that global warming is caused by humans.
Does not lay out the argument for why global warming is correct.
Relies on the fact that a group has an incentive to produce inaccurate research as proof that their research is faulty.
Relies on a metaphor that is not applicable.
Relies on the fact that a group has an incentive to produce inaccurate research as proof that their research is faulty.
The argument criticizes the group making the argument not the argument itself. That is a classsic ad hominem argument that is flawed. The correct answer points this out.
Example Question #1 : Determining The Flaw In The Argument
History Student: A widely held historical view of the Battle of Fort Sumter at the outbreak of the American Civil War is that President Lincoln deployed a strategy of reinforcement without direct military provocation to enable the Union to blame the outbreak of war on the Confederacy. One renowned historian has recently staked a controversial position that there is not enough evidence to justify this theory. Therefore, the widely held view of the outbreak of the Civil War is false.
The reasoning above is most vulnerable to the criticism that it:
Overvalues the opinion of one historian.
Does not provide enough background to support its conclusion.
Fails to clarify the qualifications of the renowned historian.
Relies on an ambiguous use of the term false.
Takes the fact the lack of evidence that something is true as evidence that it is false.
Takes the fact the lack of evidence that something is true as evidence that it is false.
The stimulus does not provide evidence that the position of most historians is false just that there is not enough evidence to prove it true. Only the correct answer shows that critical flaw with the arguments construction.
Example Question #1 : Flaw
Computers have finally reached their maximum potential for processing information. For fifty years, computer processing capabilities have steadily improved each year. Although some years saw greater advancements than others, each year saw at least some progress. That pattern was broken last year when computer processing capabilities failed to improve at all.
The argument is most vulnerable to which of the following criticisms?
It fails to address the possibility that some of the previous fifty years saw no progress in information processing capabilities
It assumes that computer processing capabilities failed to make any progress over the last year.
It assumes, without providing support, that if information processing capabilities improve in a given year, those capabilities have not reached their maximum potential
It fails to account for the possibility that information processing capabilities improved somewhat over the last year, even though there has been greater improvement in other years
It assumes, without providing support, that if information processing capabilities fail to improve in a given year, those capabilities cannot improve in the future
It assumes, without providing support, that if information processing capabilities fail to improve in a given year, those capabilities cannot improve in the future
The argument's primary assertion is that information processing capabilities will not improve in the future (have reached maximum potential). It supports this by claiming that no advancements were made last year, but fails to address why that claim supports the conclusion. That there have been advancements in years past is not enough without an additional premise.
Example Question #1 : Determining The Flaw In The Argument
The new music genre, “Eastern Vibe” has elements of different music genres. It has influences from Electronica, Dub Step, Rock, and Pop in its composition. Since it has no element in its composition that is original, it follows that the composition of “Eastern Vibe” cannot be considered original.
Which one of the following is a reasoning error made in the argument?
assuming that because something is true of each of the parts of a whole it is true of the whole itself.
deriving a conclusion from preferences rather than evidence.
presupposing what is to be proved by contradicting a claim.
generalizing the instances of a few to all instances.
interpreting a factor as a necessity rather than as a want.
assuming that because something is true of each of the parts of a whole it is true of the whole itself.
The author argues that the new musical genre copied elements of other genres and is therefore not original. This argument does not necessarily follow as there could be other elements of the genre that are original such as the use of new instruments and sounds or the amalgamation of different sounds to form a new coherent genre. Therefore, something can be true of a whole without it being true of its parts; thus the author makes the error described in the answer choice: “assuming that because something is true of each of the parts of a whole it is true of the whole itself.”
Example Question #1 : Determining The Flaw In The Argument
Doctor X: I disagree with Doctor Y’s proposed treatment plan for Mr. Jones. Doctor Y recommends that Mr. Jones undergo surgery because he is in substantial pain. However, Mr. Jones cannot afford to pay for the procedure or the cost of the hospital stay.
The reasoning in Doctor’s X’s argument is flawed because the argument:
engages in ad hominen attacks
does not take into account the comforts and amenities of the hospital where the procedure will be performed
compares the use of short-term versus long-term analysis
uses evidence concerning the economic feasibility of acting on a recommendation as a basis for questioning of the validity of the recommendation
fails to analyze the issue presented in terms of what is best for the patient
uses evidence concerning the economic feasibility of acting on a recommendation as a basis for questioning of the validity of the recommendation
Doctor X only focuses on whether Mr. Jones can afford the procedure and does not discuss the medical merits of Doctor Y’s recommendation. Therefore, there is a scope shift. In other words, just because Mr. Jones cannot afford Doctor Y’s recommendation does not mean that his recommendation is suspect. This is reflected in the correct answer choice that states Doctor X’s flawed argument, “uses evidence concerning the economic feasibility of acting on a recommendation as a basis for questioning of the validity of the recommendation.”
Example Question #2 : Determining The Flaw In The Argument
Mayor: Critics of the Healthy Eating Bill are delaying passage of this important law because they disagree with the more narrow definition of the term “unhealthy foods.” However, this legislation will place stricter limits on the type of foods that will be available to the public than our current laws. Therefore, by splitting hairs over semantics, these critics show their apathy to the public’s health.
The Mayor’s reply to the opponents of the Healthy Eating Bill is most vulnerable to which of the following criticisms?
It labels the critics of the Bill as supporters of the fast food industry.
It attempts to defend the reputation of the author of Bill rather than the merits of the actual Bill.
It fails to adequately recognize the possibility that the definition of the term “unhealthy foods” determines the impact of the legislation.
It connects the motives of those who oppose the bill with the motives of those who produce soda.
It assumes that does who seek to defeat the Bill will profit from its defeat.
It fails to adequately recognize the possibility that the definition of the term “unhealthy foods” determines the impact of the legislation.
The Mayor’s statement that the critics are “splitting hairs over semantics” indicates that he does not believe that the definition of the term "unhealthy foods" makes a difference to the argument. However, this is only his opinion. In actuality, a more restrictive, narrow definition of the term “unhealthy foods” may make significant difference to the critics of the bill. For example, a definition that excludes foods reputedly considered harmful to the public such as one that includes high fructose corn syrup or trans fat would not have the same impact as one that does; thus, support or criticism for the bill could turn on the definition of “unhealthy foods.” Therefore, the correct choice is: “It fails to adequately recognize the possibility that the definition of the term “unhealthy foods” determines the impact of the legislation.”
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