Human Anatomy and Physiology : Systems Physiology
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Example Questions
Example Question #631 : Systems Physiology
Which class of neurotransmitters play a role in response to injury stress and pain perception?
Opioid neuroactive peptides
Non-opioid neuroactive peptides
Biogenic amines
Monoamines
Catecholamines
Opioid neuroactive peptides
Opioid neuroactive peptides include enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphin. These bind to opiate receptors in the brain, which also bind opiate drugs such as heroin and morphine. These are known to play a role in response to injury stress and pain perception and are released during exercise. Non-opioid neuroactive peptides do not bind opiates and their function is not well understood. Amino acids include glutamic acid and GABA. Biogenic amines include monoamines and catecholamines, which include norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
Example Question #632 : Systems Physiology
Which of the following neurotransmitters plays a role in excitotoxicity during a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
GABA
Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Glutamate
Epinephrine
Glutamate
Glutamic acid is an excitatory neurotransmitter. During a cerebrovascular accident, cells that have died due to oxygen deprivation release large quantities of glutamic acid. This causes surrounding cells to become overexcited and eventually die. This process is called excitotoxicity.
Example Question #633 : Systems Physiology
The neurons in the substantia nigra within the brainstem predominately produce which neurotransmitter?
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
GABA
Dopamine
The substantia nigra is composed of primarily dopamine. When the substantia nigra is effected by a disease, a patient can present with Parkinson-like symptoms. Most common symptom is resting tremors.
Example Question #634 : Systems Physiology
What are the two primary receptor types for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?
Acetylcholine-1 and acetylcholine-2
Muscarinic and cholinergic
Muscarinic and nicotinic
Cholinergic and acetylic
NMDA and AMPA
Muscarinic and nicotinic
Acetylcholine utilizes both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. The nicotinic receptors are ionotropic and are primarily excitatory. Whereas, the muscarinic receptors are metabotropic and can be either excitatory or inhibitory. All receptors that bind acetylcholine are referred to as cholinergic.
Example Question #635 : Systems Physiology
What neurotransmitters are released when the periaqueductal grey (PAG) is stimulated in response to pain?
Serotonin
Glutamate
Glycine
Dopamine
Epinephrine
Serotonin
Physiologically, when the PAG is stimulated serotonin is produced. Serotonin will increase the pain threshold (ascending tract) and inhibit pain receptors (descending tract).
Example Question #636 : Systems Physiology
What is saturability?
There is a finite number of receptors in a given tissue, and excess neurotransmitters will saturate these receptors.
Saturability refers to the finite amount of neurotransmitter receptors that can be embedded into the neuronal membrane before there is no more space.
None of the answers are correct.
There are a finite number of action potentials that can be concurrently occurring in the CNS, and this is referred to as saturability.
There is a finite number of neurotransmitter molecules, and excess receptors for binding will not be able to saturate the neurotransmitter molecules, resulting in excess signaling.
There is a finite number of receptors in a given tissue, and excess neurotransmitters will saturate these receptors.
There are a finite number of receptors for a neurotransmitter in a neuron. When neurotransmitter molecules are released, they will bind these receptors. Since the number of neurotransmitters is greater than the number of neurotransmitter receptors, there will be a saturation of receptors with neurotransmitter. This is the term 'saturability.'
Example Question #637 : Systems Physiology
A neurotransmitter with high affinity for its receptor will have a __________ association constant (Ka) and __________ dissociation constant (Kd).
low association constant; low dissociation constant
high association constant; low dissociation constant
variable association constant; low dissociation constant
low association constant; High dissociation constant
high association constant; high dissociation constant
high association constant; low dissociation constant
The affinity of a neurotransmitter for its receptor is governed by its association and dissociation constants. The association constant describes how readily it associates with the receptor. Therefore, a higher association constant means more ready association with the receptor, and higher affinity. On the other hand, the dissociation constant describes how readily it dissociates from the receptor. Therefore, a higher dissociation constant means more ready dissociation from the receptor, and lower affinity. Therefore, a high association constant and low dissociation constant means the neurotransmitter readily binds but does not readily unbind from the receptor, meaning it has a high affinity.
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