This question tests knowledge of different nerve fiber types. Smell and taste is transmitted by special visceral afferent nerve fibers.

Special somatic afferent fibers carry information of sight, sound, and balance. General somatic afferent fibers are sensory fibers transmitting information from the body to the spinal cord, such as pain and touch. General somatic efferent fibers are motor fibers transmitting impulses from the spinal cord to skeletal (voluntary) muscles. General visceral afferent fibers carry sensation reflex or pain sensation from mucous membranes, glands, and blood vessels, while general visceral efferent fibers transmit signals from the spinal cord to smooth (involuntary) muscle and glandular tissue.

Perforation of a duodenal ulcer would erode the gastroduodenal artery.

The gastroduodenal artery branches off the common hepatic artery and runs posterior to the superior and descending parts of the duodenum. If a duodenal ulcer were to perforate, the gastroduodenal artery is the most likely to be affected.

The common hepatic artery is a main branch off the celiac trunk, but is found superior to the duodenum. The left gastric artery is another branch off the celiac trunk that is left of the duodenum, supplying the lesser curvature of the stomach. The splenic artery is the third branch off the celiac trunk and runs posterior to the stomach. The right gastroepiploic artery is a branch of the gastroduodenal artery that runs inferior to the stomach, supplying the greater curvature of the stomach.

The long thoracic nerve innervates the serratus anterior muscle, which keeps the medial border and inferior angle of the scapula pressed against the thoracic wall. The long thoracic nerve is located very superficially and is often damaged during surgery. Damage to the long thoracic nerve causes the medial border and inferior angle of the scapula to elevate away from the thoracic wall, resulting in "winging" of the scapula. When this occurs, normal elevation of the arm is not possible.

The thoracodorsal nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi. Damage to the thoracodorsal nerve results in diminished capacity to use the arms to pull the body forward or upward, such as the motion of doing pull-ups. The superior and inferior subscapular nerves innervate the subscapularis muscle, a rotator cuff muscle used to stabilize the glenohumeral joint (shoulder). The median nerve innervates the flexors of the forearm and some parts of the hand. The axillary nerve innervates the deltoid, teres minor, and triceps brachii. Damage to the axillary nerve results in inability to abduct the arm greater than fifteen degrees.

The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the capillaries of the alveoli for gas exchange. Once the blood is oxygenated, the pulmonary veins will drain into the left atrium of the heart. There are five pulmonary veins that leave the lungs, but two fuse before arriving resulting in four veins to actually empty into the heart. The superior vena cava collects deoxygenated blood from the veins of the head, trunk, and upper extemities and empties into the right atrium of the heart. The aorta leaves the left ventricle of the heart and carries oxygenated blood toward the rest of the body.

The phrenic nerve is credited for innervating the diaphragm and helping us breathe. It originates from the cervical nerves C3, C4, and C5. It enters the thoracic cavity by passing in front of the subclavian arteries and travelling anterior to the root of the lungs. The right and left phrenic nerves innervate the diaphragm, primarily for motor function, but also provide sensory function for the central tendon. If there is an injury to the phrenic nerve, there may be partial or complete paralysis of the diaphragm on the affected side. However, since there is an accessory phrenic nerve, it may be sectioned when there is a case of chronic hiccups. Chronic hiccups result from irritated nerves in the digestive tract or the diaphragm.

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots that arise segmentally: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.

The inferior gluteal nerve supplies the gluteus maximus. The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus are supplied by the superior gluteal nerve. 

The femoral vein, femoral artery, and femoral nerve all pass through the inguinal canal; the rectus femoris is a muscle and does not pass through this structure. The most medial structure at the entrance of the canal is the femoral vein; the most lateral structure is the femoral nerve.

The thoracoacromial trunk is one of the branches off of the second part of the axillary artery. The four branches make the acronym CAPD. This stands for: Clavicular Acromion Pectoral and Deltoid.

The femoral and popliteal arteries are found in the thigh and leg. The vessel changes from the femoral artery to the popliteal artery after it travels through a foramen, or hole. Of our four answer choices only two of them are holes. The obturator foramen is located in the pelvis. The adductor foramen is located at the adductor magnus muscle in the thigh, making it the only correct answer.