The cervical and lumbar enlargements give rise to the nerve roots of the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses, respectively. Additionally, the conus medullaris marks the end of the spinal cord. However, the cauda equina does not give rise to the cervical nerve roots. It is a collection of lumbosacral nerve roots arising from the conus medullaris.

The femoral nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh (muscles that extend the knee). If the femoral nerve was injured there would be an inability to extend the knee.

The femoral nerve also provides sensation to the front and medial side of the thigh, shin, and arch of the foot.

The sciatic nerve is comprised of the common fibular and tibial portions, which give rise to nerves of the same name. Although not a direct branch of the sciatic nerve, the medial plantar nerve comes from the tibial nerve, which can be traced back to the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve. However, the inferior gluteal nerve does not arise from any part of the sciatic nerve. 

The anterior circumflex humeral artery branches from the axillary artery, and primarily supplies blood to the head of the humerus. The posterior circumflex humeral artery also arises from the axillary artery, and supplies blood to the teres minor and deltoid muscles, among others. The thoracoacromial artery branches off the axillary artery as well, supplying the deltoid, subclavius, and other muscles. The profunda brachii does not branch off the axillary artery, but the brachial artery.

The lateral compartment of the leg contains the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis. The muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg are responsible for eversion of the foot and weak plantarflexion of the ankle. The fibularis longus and fibularis brevis are innervated by the superficial fibular nerve (nerve roots L5, S1, S2). The arterial supply consists of perforating branches of the posterior tibial artery and the fibular artery. The great saphenous vein drains, not supplies various compartments of the leg.

The anterior compartment of the thigh is a fascial compartment that contains groups of muscles with their blood supply and nerves. The anterior compartment contains the sartorius muscle and the quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis). The iliopsoas is sometimes considered a component of the anterior compartment of the thigh. The function of the muscles of the anterior compartment is to extend the knee and flex the hip. The anterior compartment is innervated by the femoral nerve (however, the iliopsoas is not innervated by the femoral nerve and is innervated by ventral rami of L1-L3). The blood supply of the anterior compartment is the femoral artery. The femoral artery supplies blood to the anterior compartment and is the largest blood vessel of the lower limb. The gluteal arteries supply the posterior compartment of the lower limb.

The external iliac artery is a branch of the common iliac artery. It becomes the femoral artery as it passes thru the inguinal canal. The abdominal aorta gives rise to the common illiac artery, but not the femoral artery directly. The brachiocephalic trunk supplies the head and neck and gives rise to the right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery. The internal iliac artery gives rise to a series of branches that supply the medial thigh, the buttock and pelvic area.

The tongue is innervated by a many cranial nerves. Taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is transmitted by the facial nerve (VII), and from the posterior one-third of the tongue, by the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX). Sensation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is transmitted by the trigeminal nerve (V) and from the posterior one third by the glossopharyngeal nerve. The motor innervation of the tongue is thru the hypoglossal nerve (XII).

The aorta traverses the diaphragm at level T12. Other structures that traverse the diaphragm are the esophagus, the vagus nerve, the azygos vein, the thoracic duct and the inferior vena cava. The axillary, femoral, pulmonary and common carotid arteries are branches of the aorta, but they do not cross the diaphragm.

The nerve most likely injured in this patient is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve, which is a branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), and is responsible for innervating the muscles of the larynx that contribute to moving the vocal folds. Therefore, if there is an injury to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, the laryngeal muscles will be affected, weakening movement of the vocal folds, and causing a hoarse voice and difficulty swallowing, as is present in this patient. 

The facial nerve is responsible for a number of functions including facial movements and taste, but not voice or swallowing.

The long thoracic nerve innervates the serratus anterior muscle. When injured, this can result in a "winged scapula," but not voice or swallowing changes. 

The trigeminal nerve is responsible for a number of functions including chewing, biting, and facial sensation, but not voice or swallowing.

There is no such nerve as the "esophageal nerve."