Maxillary is a branch of the trigeminal nerve (V), and not of the facial nerve (VII).

The branches of the facial nerve, from superior to inferior, are: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical.

The latissimus dorsi muscle is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve and functions to extend, adduct, and medially rotate the humerus. Damage to the thoracodorsal nerve would result in diminished capacity to pull the body up, such as during climbing or doing pull-ups.

The dorsal scapular nerve innervates the rhomboid and levator scapulae muscles. The accessory nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius. The intercostal nerves innervate the thoracic cavity and some upper extremity regions.

The pectoralis major is innervated by both the medial and lateral pectoral nerves. In contrast, the pectoralis minor is only innervated by the medial pectoral nerve. 

The long thoracic nerve innervates the serratus anterior muscle. The superior and inferior pectoral nerves are false answer choices and do not refer to anatomical structures.

The biceps brachii is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. The muscle is located anterior to the humerus and functions as a primary flexor of the forearm at the elbow.

The median nerve innervates muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm, the muscles of the thenar eminence in the hand, and the first and second lumbricals of the hand. The median nerve runs through the carpal tunnel and, when compressed, is responsible for the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. The radial nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm and forearm. The axillary nerve innervates the deltoid, teres minor, and triceps brachii.

The brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the upper arm, derived from the axillary artery after it passes the glenohumeral joint. After passing the elbow joint, the brachial artery bisects into the radial and ulnar arteries, which supply blood to the forearm. Inflating the blood pressure cuff around the upper arm compresses the brachial artery.

The radial nerve innervates the muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm and the posterior compartment of the forearm, responsible for extension of the arm and forearm. These include the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii, brachioradialis, supinator, and the extensor muscles of the forearm (extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum, and others).

The musculocutaneous nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the forearm, innervating the coracobrachialis, the biceps brachii, and the brachialis muscles. The median nerve innervates muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm, the muscles of the thenar eminence in the hand, and the first and second lumbricals of the hand. The axillary nerve innervates the deltoid, teres minor, and triceps brachii muscles.

This question tests knowledge of different nerve fiber types. Smell and taste is transmitted by special visceral afferent nerve fibers.

Special somatic afferent fibers carry information of sight, sound, and balance. General somatic afferent fibers are sensory fibers transmitting information from the body to the spinal cord, such as pain and touch. General somatic efferent fibers are motor fibers transmitting impulses from the spinal cord to skeletal (voluntary) muscles. General visceral afferent fibers carry sensation reflex or pain sensation from mucous membranes, glands, and blood vessels, while general visceral efferent fibers transmit signals from the spinal cord to smooth (involuntary) muscle and glandular tissue.

Perforation of a duodenal ulcer would erode the gastroduodenal artery.

The gastroduodenal artery branches off the common hepatic artery and runs posterior to the superior and descending parts of the duodenum. If a duodenal ulcer were to perforate, the gastroduodenal artery is the most likely to be affected.

The common hepatic artery is a main branch off the celiac trunk, but is found superior to the duodenum. The left gastric artery is another branch off the celiac trunk that is left of the duodenum, supplying the lesser curvature of the stomach. The splenic artery is the third branch off the celiac trunk and runs posterior to the stomach. The right gastroepiploic artery is a branch of the gastroduodenal artery that runs inferior to the stomach, supplying the greater curvature of the stomach.

The long thoracic nerve innervates the serratus anterior muscle, which keeps the medial border and inferior angle of the scapula pressed against the thoracic wall. The long thoracic nerve is located very superficially and is often damaged during surgery. Damage to the long thoracic nerve causes the medial border and inferior angle of the scapula to elevate away from the thoracic wall, resulting in "winging" of the scapula. When this occurs, normal elevation of the arm is not possible.

The thoracodorsal nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi. Damage to the thoracodorsal nerve results in diminished capacity to use the arms to pull the body forward or upward, such as the motion of doing pull-ups. The superior and inferior subscapular nerves innervate the subscapularis muscle, a rotator cuff muscle used to stabilize the glenohumeral joint (shoulder). The median nerve innervates the flexors of the forearm and some parts of the hand. The axillary nerve innervates the deltoid, teres minor, and triceps brachii. Damage to the axillary nerve results in inability to abduct the arm greater than fifteen degrees.

The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the capillaries of the alveoli for gas exchange. Once the blood is oxygenated, the pulmonary veins will drain into the left atrium of the heart. There are five pulmonary veins that leave the lungs, but two fuse before arriving resulting in four veins to actually empty into the heart. The superior vena cava collects deoxygenated blood from the veins of the head, trunk, and upper extemities and empties into the right atrium of the heart. The aorta leaves the left ventricle of the heart and carries oxygenated blood toward the rest of the body.