All of the words provided are related to the state of poverty. Among the wrong answers, the two potentially unknown words were likely “deprived” and “indigent.” To “deprive” someone of something is to deny them the ownership or use of that thing. A “privation” is a lack. To be “deprived” can also mean to be poor, as when one lacks financial resources. The word “indigent” merely means “poor or needy.” In comparison with this, “penurious” indicates extreme poverty or need. This much stronger sense of poverty sets “penurious” apart from the other options, thus making it the correct answer for this question.

All of the incorrect answers for this question indicate some state of affairs in which an argument is not completely finished or complete in its proof of some matter. An “inconclusive” proof is one that still leaves some doubt, having not reached a certain conclusion. A “debatable” matter is one that is still open to discussion—still open to debate (as the word itself indicates). A “partial” answer is one that is not complete; it only provides a part of the whole answer. Of course, something that is “unproven” is not completely shown to be the case. In contrast to these options, “demonstrative” indicates the state of being completely proven. To “demonstrate” something is to provide complete proof or evidence for its truth.

All of these words pertain to the process of something in the process of undergoing changes but not all to the same degree. Clearly “changing” and “altering” are related and have the same general sense. To “revise” something is to reconsider it and alter it after the process of looking into more details. (The word literally means “to look at again.” The “-vise” portion is taken from the same roots as “vision”). Likewise, “modify” has this same general sense, being very close to “alter.” The word “dynamic,” while indicating a state of changing activity implies that such changes constantly are happening, often with much energy. This is a more forceful option than the others, thus fitting less with the group.

This set of words is comprised of four that indicate some kind of quick action. “Rapid” and “swift” are rather common words. “Brisk” is likewise somewhat common, meaning “fast or energetic.” Sometimes, you might speak of a “brisk pace” at which something moves when it is being done quickly. Something is called “expeditious” when it is done with speed or efficiency. An “expedition” is a trip with a purpose. Something “expeditious” sets out for its purposed goal and attempts to attain it with great devotion. In contrast to these “plodding” means “slow and unexciting.”

The word “quixotic” is taken from the literary character “Don Quixote,” who was very idealistic and naïve. It means “idealistic or romantic (in the sense of being dreamy or idealistic).” All of the other words have some relation to such “dreaminess.” While someone who has such an outlook might be joyous, the word “joyous” indicates a different type of attitude. Thus, it is different from the rest of the group.

Although all of these words pertain to some negative state of affairs, all leading to or implying some physical defect, note that “drowsy” primarily means that someone is tired. While such a person might be tired because they are weak, the word does not necessarily indicate such a state of frailty or feebleness. Note that all of the other words do pertain to some kind of weakness, thus making them all more related to each other than is the word “drowsy” to them.

Note that the four related words all pertain to being sick or ill. Someone “ailing” is in poor health. Likewise, a “diseased” person is far from being healthy. While someone who has a “delicate constitution” might easily become sick, it does not mean that he or she actually is—right now—sick. It merely indicates that something is fragile or, with regard to illness, prone to becoming ill.

In order to see the connection among the wrong answers, it is worthwhile to consider the general meaning of “effeminate.” The word means “having female characteristics,” often implying “non-masculinity.” While we should wish to be sensitive to stereotypes, the general usage of English still associates “masculinity”—that is, “manliness”—with physical strength. The word “virile” very closely means “strong like a man,” for it comes from the Latin “vir,” which means “man.” While the other two words (“vigorous” and “brawny”) primarily signify strength and energy, given the inclusion of “effeminate” in our group of words, they are more related to the others than is “effeminate.”

The set of four related words all have something to do with difficult work. Drudgery is dull and difficult work. To “toil” at something is to work without ceasing with a great expenditure of energy. Something is “laborious” when it requires much labor—when it is very difficult, that is. A “grueling task” is one that requires much effort and is tiring. A person is called “industrious” if he or she is hard working; however, the word emphasizes diligence and does not have the same negative tones as do the other options.

While all of these words indicate something negative, bad, or difficult, they do not do so to the same degree. All of the words are all relatively familiar, so you should not have a vocabulary issue. What is necessary is to know that the word “severe” means “very intense,” almost always implying that it is something that is intensely bad. This is a much stronger sense of trouble / badness than the other options and thus is differentiated from them.