The reading frame of a mRNA is established by AUG (start codon) which codes for methionine. 

A phenotype refers to the observable traits within an individual such as eye color, adult height, weight, and skin color. The genetic contribution to a phenotype is referred to as genotype. Some phonotypical traits are determined by the genotype, while others are shaped by environmental factors. 

The correct answer is that prokaryotes only have exons, whereas eukaryotes have exons and introns. As a result, in eukaryotes, when mRNA is transcribed from DNA, the introns have to be cut out of the newly synthesized mRNA strand. The exons, or coding sequences, are then joined together. Prokaryotes do not have to process their mRNA to this extent. 

The correct answer is operator. In most operons, repressors bind operators to prevent transcription of downstream genes.

Promoters are sequences of DNA upstream of genes that usually promote transcription by recruiting polymerases and other transcription factors. Enhancers are distant DNA sequences that promote transcription, whereas exons are the coding segments of a gene. 

The correct answer is transcribe RNA from a DNA template. RNA polymerases are DNA-dependent, meaning that they require a DNA template; however, the new daughter strand that they create is composed of RNA. This RNA will then be translated into a functional protein by prokaryotic ribosomes. 

Rho attaches to a Rho recognition site on the mRNA strand and uses ATP to move along the mRNA strand towards RNA polymerase. When RNA polymerase pauses at the terminator, Rho unwinds the DNA-RNA hybrid. RNA polymerase, Rho, and the newly synthesized mRNA are released. 

Bacteria organize some of their genes into operons. Operons contain genes of a similar function grouped together, and these genes are all transcribed together. For example, the lac operon involves the three genes required for breaking down lactose. There is no point in only transcribing one or two of the three genes since they are all required to break down lactose. Thus, they are under the control of a single operator and are all transcribed when the operator is active.

Plasmids are small pieces of DNA that are not part of a bacteria's genome. The genes contained on plasmids are not necessary for proper function of the bacteria. However, bacterial plasmids can carry genes to confer antibiotic resistance, and commonly do. Plasmids can be transferred between bacteria via conjugation, and can be integrated into their genomic DNA.. Plasmids are usually present in more than one copy per cell.

Restriction Endonucleases, or otherwise known as restriction enzymes, allows biologist to “cut and paste” different DNA sequences together. The use of restriction endonucleases is critical for the creation of recombinant plasmids. Viral vectors is incorrect, as viral vectors are useful in the application of recombinant DNA plasmids, delivery to host cell, but not in forming.

DNA polymerase is not involved in the process of transcription. The incorrect answer could be corrected if it was rewritten as "a mutation in the promoter region where the RNA polymerase binds to."