High School Biology : Cell Functions
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Example Questions
Example Question #2 : Understanding Second Messenger Systems
Which of the following is NOT an example of a second messenger molecule?
Cyclic GMP
Cyclic AMP
Protein kinase C
Calcium
Diacylglycerol
Protein kinase C
All of the examples listed are considered second messengers except for protein kinase C, which interacts with second messenger pathways as an effector; however, it is not a second messenger itself.
Recall that second messengers are used to amplify signals within the cell. A ligand may bind to a receptor on the cell surface in order to activate a signaling cascade. Second messagers will help propagate this cascade throughout the cytosol. The messengers essentially help transfer the signal from the receptor on the cell membrane to the proteins in the cytosol that will ultimately be affected.
Example Question #2 : Understanding Second Messenger Systems
Second messenger cascades can be triggered by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a membrane-spanning G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR).
Which of the following best describes what happens to the GPCR after a ligand has bound to it?
The GPCR undergoes a conformational change, making a binding site available for a G-protein within the cytosol
The GPCR remains unchanged, as no covalent modifications have been made
The GPCR opens to permit an influx of sodium ions (Na+)
The GPCR become inactivated
The GPCR is released from the membrane and enters the intracellular space to trigger downstream signaling cascades
The GPCR undergoes a conformational change, making a binding site available for a G-protein within the cytosol
G-protein coupled receptors begin the signal transduction pathway by interacting with intracellular G-proteins. This interaction isn't possible until a ligand forces a conformational change in the GPCR, thereby freeing up a site for the G-protein to bind. This interaction permits the G-protein to exchange a GDP for a GTP, thereby activating the G-protein and continuing signal transduction.
Example Question #3 : Understanding Second Messenger Systems
Which of the following is NOT a primary benefit of utilizing second messengers to transduce signals within a cell?
Second messengers permit fine-tuned modulation of the signal through various intracellular enzymes
Second messengers can activate more than one pathway
Second messengers permit amplification of the signal
Second messengers give cells direct access to extracellular material by permeabilizing the membrane
Second messengers eliminate the need for molecules to cross the semi-permeable membrane
Second messengers give cells direct access to extracellular material by permeabilizing the membrane
The ligand binds the receptor on its extracellular terminus; therefore the ligand itself never enters the cell or passes through the membrane. Second messengers let the cell 'know' what is happening on the outside, but these extracellular molecules do not directly enter the cell.
All of the other answers describe benefits of the second messenger system.
Example Question #1 : Understanding Second Messenger Systems
Which of the following is NOT an example of a second messenger?
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
IP3
cAMP
All of these are second messengers.
Ca2+
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules. Epinephrine is a hormone that is released into the bloodstream and is thus never inside the cell. cAMP, Ca2+ and IP3 are all examples of second messengers. They respond to primary messengers—which are often hormones—by amplifying their effects and/or turning on downstream effectors.
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