The correct answer is provirus. A retrovirus uses its own reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from its RNA. This DNA is then incorporated into the host genome via the integrase enzyme. The viral DNA in the host genome is referred to as a provirus; the host cell transcribes and translates the provirus to produce new copies of the virus, along with its own genome.

A virus will either contain RNA or DNA; never both. These nucleic acids are essential for carrying and transmitting the viral genome. Some viruses can also have a lipid-rich envelope surrounding them.

Since viruses hijack cellular ribosomes in order to create their needed proteins, there will never be a virus containing ribosomes.

This question requires knowledge of two concepts: first, that retroviruses integrate their own genetic material into the host and are propagated during normal cell division; second, that some cell types do not continue to divide once they have reached maturity (muscle and nerve).

Bacteria have ribosomes to facilitate protein synthesis, but lack other membrane bound organelles such as nuclei, Golgi, or mitochondrion. Viruses lack all of these, including ribosomes.

Retroviruses do not harbor their own DNA polymerase. Once inside a host cell, the viral reverse transcriptase reverse transcribes its ssRNA to DNA. At this point, integrase incorporates its synthesized DNA into the host genome. Expression of this viral DNA utilizes host cellular machinery. 

The lytic cycle is a nondestructive viral cycle in which viral genetic code integrates into the host chromosome but allows the host to live normally. The virus does not take over cell machinery (in order to churn out new viral parts) until it enters the destructive lytic cycle. All other answer choices are indeed parts of the lysogenic cycle.

The correct answer is pseudopeptidoglycan. This is molecularly different than peptidoglycan, which comprises the bacterial cell wall. However, both pseudopeptidoglycan and peptidoglycan cell walls are similar in function, shape and structure. Cellulose comprises the cell walls of plants, chitin comprises the cell walls of fungi and glycogen is the animal form of stored glucose, and is found in the liver and skeletal muscle.

Only bacterial have peptidoglycan cell walls. The other traits are typical of at least some known archaea. The s-layer involves crystalline arrays of proteinaceous subunits, which are common to some archaea and bacteria.

Bacteria are capable of reproducing in a variety of ways. Binary fission is most similar to mitosis in animals, and does not involve any genetic recombination. DNA is replicated and passed to identical daughter cells.

In contrast, the other listed methods involve the incorporation of foreign DNA into the bacteria genome. In conjugation, plasmids are exchanged between bacteria via a sex pilus. In transformation the bacterium is capable of incorporating DNA directly from its surrounding environment. In transduction, a bacteriophage vector is used to introduce foreign DNA into the bacterial cell.

Peptidoglycan is most well-known for its role in the formation of bacterial cell walls. By inhibiting the production of peptidoglycan, penicillin prevents bacteria from fully developing and is very effective at treating bacterial infections.

Anti-histamines an anti-inflammatory medications can be used to help prevent the autoimmune response that triggers allergic reactions. Fungicides are used to kill fungal infections. Viruses are harder to treat, as they are not technically alive and cannot be "killed."