Chloroplasts are found primarily in the mesophyll cells. Mesophyll cells are the green colored tissue that is found within the leaf. It is the abundance of chloroplasts containing chlorophyll that give the mesophyll cells their green coloring. Parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma cells are all found within the shoot and root of the plant, not in the leaves. These cell types have little to no chloroplasts within their membranes.

Membrane-bound ribosomes are found on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins synthesized by membrane-bound ribosomes are translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum while they are being translated.

These proteins generally undergo modification in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and are packaged into vesicles by the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus then interface with the plasma membrane of the cell or the membranes of other organelles. Proteins from the interior of the vesicle can be released into the extracellular space or interior of other organelles. Proteins in the membranes of the vesicle become embedded in the plasma membrane of the cell or the organelle.

Proteins synthesized on free ribosomes commonly remain in the cytosol and are modified by different processes than protein synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum serves several different purposes in the cell, one of which is lipid synthesis. This structure is responsible for producing phospholipids and cholesterol, as well as some steroid hormones and other lipid molecules. It also helps to eliminate foreign toxins from the cell.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum houses ribosomes that synthesize proteins that are destined for the membrane or extracellular environment. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for packaging proteins in vesicles, allowing for transport out of the cell. Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis (translation).

Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S with one large 60S subunit and one small 40S subunit. Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S, with one large 50S subunit and one small 30S subunit. "S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient (Svedberg), which is a particles sedimentation velocity for a given applied acceleration.

Ribosomes can be classified as ribonucleoproteins because the proteins are associated with ribonucleic acids (RNA). Thus, RNA-protein complex is the best descriptor. 

Interestingly, ribosomes are one of the only examples of an RNA structure that has enzymatic activity. The primary enzymatic function of the ribosome is one of a peptidyl transferase; that is, the catalysis of peptide bond formation between amino acids as those acids are brought to the nascent strand. 

Lysosomes have the function of digesting foreign materials and large structures, such as organelles. They do this by maintaining an acidic pH of approximately 5 and utilizing special proteins called acid hydrolyases, which are specifically designed to function at low pH levels. In order to maintain this low pH, lysosomes must be membrane-bound and have a highly regulated flow of protons.

Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles, including lysosomes.

Peroxisomes are primarily responsible for the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids and D-amino acids, as well as the synthesis of special types of phospholipids known as plasmalogens. If the cell cannot catabolize very long chain fatty acids, the issue is most likely within the peroxisomes.

The Golgi apparatus is very important for protein packaging. Mitochondria are crucial to generating energy for the cell. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has various functions, including lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.

The function of breaking down cellular contents is done by the lysosome. Lysosomes have an acidic interior, which is useful for breaking down macromolecules that are no longer being used in the cell.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum, in contrast, helps to break down foreign material, such as toxins. Mitochondria primarily serve to produce ATP for cellular energy. The Golgi apparatus works in tandem with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and helps to group and package proteins for vesicular transport.

Proton pumps use ATP to continuously pump hydrogen ions into the interior of the lysosome, thus maintaining an acidic environment in which the enzymes are most optimally efficient at breaking down the debris/macromolecules. The membrane of the lysosome is selectively permeable due to these types of transporters, and protects the rest of the cell from the very acidic environment. Recent journal articles suggest that the lysosome's membrane will be deliberately disrupted, releasing the acid and the hydrolases into the cytosol during apoptosis.