In the central dogma of biology, DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated to proteins. DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides, and proteins are made up of amino acids. The only answer choice that does not fit this sequence is "RNA is transcribed into proteins." A correct statement would be that RNA is translated into proteins.

Translation occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. No part of transcription or translation occurs in the mitochondria. Transcription occurs in the nucleus of the cell and therefore "nucleus . . . transcribed" is the correct answer. 

Transcription occurs in the nucleus of the cell and is the process of using DNA to build RNA. Translation occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm and is the process of using RNA to build protein. No part of transcription or translation occurs in the mitochondria. Therefore "cytoplasm . . . translation" is the correct answer.

A transcription factor is a protein that binds to a specific sequence of DNA, thereby controlling the rate of transcription. Transcription factors work by binding to DNA prior to transcription and act to either increase or decrease the rate of subsequent transcription processes. Transcription factors bind to enhancer or promoter regions and may attract corepressor or coactivator proteins to the binding site, but corepressors and coactivators are not themselves transcription factors.

Both DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III play a role in the replication of DNA, but not in its transcription. Helicase acts to unwind the DNA strand. Primase synthesizes the RNA fragments necessary for DNA replication. RNA polymerase binds to DNA at the promoter region and builds mRNA along the template, therefore "RNA polymerase" is the correct answer.

While all of the answer choices are amino acids, only one corresponds to the "start" codon. All start codons correspond to the amino acid methionine, the most common being "AUG." Due to corresponding with the start codon, methionine will be the first amino acid laid down in every protein made in a eukaryotic cell.

While many of the answer choices deal with the process of transcription, only one corresponds to the initiation stage. The joining of ribonucleotides, the reformation of the double helix, and elongation until the termination sequence occur during the elongation and termination stages of transcription. During the initiation stage of transcription, the RNA polymerase enzyme binds to DNA at the promoter sequence and then begins to unwind the DNA. The only answer choice that fits this definition is "RNA polymerase binds to DNA at the promoter sequence."

The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is a ribosomal binding site in prokaryotic mRNA located upstream of the start codon. The role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence is to help recruit the ribosome to the mRNA to initiate protein synthesis. The only answer that matches the proper location of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence is "On mRNA upstream of the start codon."

During translation initiation, mRNA, initiator tRNA, and both small and large ribosomal subunits associate with each other to form a translation complex. RNA polymerase acts to produce RNA using DNA as a template and does not play any role in the process of translation initiation. Therefore, the correct answer is "RNA polymerase."

The central dogma of biology can be summarized as "DNA --> RNA --> Protein"; however, one can also go from RNA to DNA using reverse transcriptase. This is also part of the central dogma.