Galileo Galilee was an influential Italian mathematician, astronomer, physicist, and philosopher who has been called “the father of Astronomy” and “The father of Modern Physics”. His discoveries are numerous and include discovering that the moon is round, not flat and that the planet Venus had phases, which strongly supported Copernicus’s theory that the sun is the center of the universe and the planets rotate around it (Heliocentrism). In 1632 Galileo wrote a book called “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems” which argued for the theory of Heliocentrism, which was against the church’s teachings. He was tried by the inquisition for heresy, was forced to retract his claims, was put under house arrest for the rest of his life.

Humanism focused on the importance of the individual. The humanist movement was a response to the “narrow” methods of medieval scholarship which was very concerned with religious dogma and a multitude of rules. Humanists thought that universal human values, not only religious beliefs, were important, and they encouraged the use of reason and observation to help people understand the world. They studied the ancient works and hoped that by leaning the lessons of the ancient philosophers they could create a population of virtuous and literate citizens.

The Boxer Rebellion broke out in China in the last years of the nineteenth century and was eventually crushed by the combined efforts of local government administrators and the European powers in 1900. The rebellion broke out in China due to anger directed at the growing influence of European powers in Chinese affairs.

Many European nations and empires practiced colonialism, the act of colonizing other lands - often destroying the native cultures already existing there. This was usually done to take advantage of the resources the land contained, or to simply spread an empire's global influence. The other answers are incorrect because they refer to other political processes.

European leaders met in Berlin in 1884 to decide which European nations would be able to colonize which regions of Africa. Many of the boundaries they set were drawn arbitrarily, ignoring the existing ethnic and cultural boundaries of the people who already lived there.

Marxism focuses on the economic class struggle between the rich and the poor. Its ideology does not provide a motivation for Imperialism. All the other choices are motivating factors for Imperialism.

Colonizing another country provides access to their natural resources, an available and cheap source of labor from its inhabitants, and a market to which to sell manufactured goods, all of which contribute to a favorable balance of trade.

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's culture is superior to others. Europeans justified Imperialism by stating they were "civilizing" inferior cultures by introducing them (sometimes by force) to European language, culture and religion.

When a country becomes imperialistic (an imperial power, or ruler over large territory), they take control over another country or people's economy (money/trade), social (their culture/religion/language), and political (government/leaders/rulers/laws) areas or ways of life. Often, a country takes control in order to take advantage of natural resources in an attempt to make more money and become all-powerful.

Colonialism is achieved when a country only settles a territory or takes advantage of its commerce, or trade. Colonialism does not intend to take control of the territory as a whole like imperialism, which gain control of much, much more. In a colony, the people native to the area still have control of many aspects of their lives, whereas territories of an empire are essentially absorbed into the mother country.

Social Darwinism was a theory developed by Herbert Spencer, a social engineer pre-dating Charles Darwin's evolution theories. Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest", meaning those that are the most fit or able should, and will, survive compared to those that are weaker.

To help justify the complete take over of other civilizations, imperialists argued that they were the more fit members of the human race and everyone else were weak and did not deserve to survive, have power/authority, or identity.

The Triangle Trade included three major passages across the Atlantic Ocean between the years 1600-1800, creating the shape of a triangle between Europe, Africa, and North America. The good listed in the question (especially raw goods, and slaves) were traded along these routes and colonial powers came to count on this trade in their economies.

Ultimately, a country would pay for its imports by way of its exports (an exchange of goods).