The Final Solution was Hitler's plan to eradicate all Jewish and non-Aryan people from Germany (and German-conquered regions of Europe). It included concentration camps, mass extermination, and forced labor. 

The 1500s marked the rise of nations ruled by absolute monarchs in Europe. Members of a nation developed a common identity, in which they saw themselves as different from members of other nations. This process is referred to as "nationalism." The other answers are incorrect because they occurred at other points in European history.

Nicolae Ceaușescu was a Communist politician who became the head of state of Romania in 1967.

He became famous later in his rule for his extremely strict policies regarding free speech and the press and his brutality against those who held anti-government sentiments. He was overthrown in 1989 when he ordered his forces to open fire on protestors. Eight days later, both he and his wife were captured and executed by firing squad.

The phrase was uttered to western ambassadors by Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the Polish embassy in Moscow, 1956.

It has been contended that the phrase was a mistranslation from Russian into English by Khrushchev's translator, suggesting that a more accurate translation would have been "We shall outlive you."

Karl Marx explained this ideology in The Communist Manifesto. Communism, or Marxism, describes human history as a constant struggle between the rich and poor, and predicts the eventual uprising where the working class (the proletariat) rebels and seizes control.

Totalitarianism is a political system in which the government controls every facet of society and individuals liberties are nearly non-existent.

Fascism is the brand of totalitarianism that developed in European nations such as Germany, Italy, and Spain in the 1920's and '30's, which is also characterized by intense government propaganda to create loyalty to a charismatic leader.

Calvinism is not a political ideology, but a religion. It is a form of Protestantism that differs from other Christian sects in its belief in pre-determination, the idea that one's destination in the afterlife is already determined at birth.

Republicanism is an ideology in which the government is run by representatives elected by the citizens.

The two quotes (from John Locke's Second Treatise on Government (1689) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract (1762)) voice the Enlightenment ideal that all men are born with the same natural rights.

The First Estate referred to the clergy in France, so that would be the best answer. The aristocracy was the Second Estate, so that would not be the best choice. The commoners were the Third estate, so likewise that would not be the correct answer here. The free press is sometimes referred to as the Fourth Estate to signify its importance to society, but it was not officially recognized as such before the French Revolution, so that would not be the best answer.

The clergy were referred to as the First Estate, so that would not be the correct answer here. The commoners were known as the Third Estate, so that too would not be a correct choice. The free press is sometimes called the Fourth Estate, however that term was not in use before the French Revolution, so that would not be the best answer here. Lastly, the aristocracy were referred to as the Second Estate, so that would be the best answer to this question.

The free press is sometimes called the Fourth Estate but that term was not in use before the French Revolution, so that would not be the correct choice. The clergy were known as the First Estate, so that would not be the best answer here. The aristocracy were known as the Second Estate, so that is not the correct choice either. Lastly, the commoners were known as the Third Estate, so that would be the best answer.

The Patricians were the ruling class of the Republic, so that would not be the best answer here. The First Estate referred to the clergy in pre-Revolution France, so that would not be a good answer. The Second Estate referred to the aristocracy in France before the Revolution, so that would not be the correct choice. Similarly, the Third Estate referred to the commoners in France, so that would not be the best choice here. Lastly, Plebeians was the term given to the citizen-commoners in the Republic, so that would be the best choice for this question.