"Mala in se. . . mala prohibita" is the correct answer. Mala in se offenses are wrong by their very nature, while mala prohibita offenses are crimes that are prohibited by law but are not necessarily wrong in themselves. These definitions of crime are not fixed and change over time as society's values change. Changes in the definitions of crime may occur when a court decides that the criminalization of specific actions also violate constitutional law. 

"Rational choice" is the correct answer. Under the tenants of rational choice theory, individuals have free will and will perform actions after performing calculations that weigh the costs and benefits of the ends and means of an act. This theory proposes that individuals commit criminal acts because the individual identified the crime as a rational means to an end after performing a cost-benefit analysis given the circumstances.

The United States uses a dual court system. The dual court system is broken into two parts: the state court system and the federal court system. The state court system is composed of trial courts of limited jurisdiction, trial courts of general jurisdiction, intermediate courts of appeals, and the appellate court of last resort.  The federal system is composed of district courts, circuit courts of appeals, and the Supreme Court of the United States. Appeals can lead cases from both from federal circuit courts of appeals and state appellate courts of last resort to the Supreme Court of the United States.

Discretion in the criminal justice system refers to an agent's ability to have the authority to make decisions without reference to specific rules but rather by using their own judgement. This permits individualization in the administration of justice. Prosecutors cannot use discretion in "imposing sentences" this is left to the discretion of judges or magistrates. 

The correct choice is "none of these." Police officers have four primary duties: keeping the peace, apprehending violators and combating crime, preventing crime, and providing social services. "Keeping the peace" involves the protection of rights of individuals in dangerous situations such as fights or domestic disputes. "Apprehending violators and combating crime" is most commonly associated with police work; however, it makes up the smallest portion of time in an officers career. "Preventing crime" or reducing the crime rate involves the education or the public about criminal threats and reducing the number of situations where criminal activity can occur.  Last, "providing social services" is a very important and often overlooked aspect of police work and it includes the following: returning stolen property, directing traffic, providing medical aid, as well as other social services. 

"Maximizing the number of police interventions and observations in the community" is the correct answer. This choice outlines the primary precept of  aggressive policing patrols. On the other hand, community policing attempts to involve neighborhood residents into policing procedures to make their own communities safer. it is based on the idea that citizens are concerned about crime in their local area and emphasizes cooperation between police and citizens in the identification of neighborhood needs and means necessary to meet them. 

This scenario is considered to be an "ambiguity delay." It is considered to be an ambiguity error because the person was delayed in their ability to acknowledge a criminal act. They thought that the two young men were "horsing around" later they saw them break into the house; thus, they were delayed by the ambiguous nature of the behavior of the young men. 

In the 1966 Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona, the Supreme Court made a decision that stated that as soon as an investigation begins to focus on a suspect, the so-called Miranda warnings must be read aloud before questioning can begin. The Miranda warnings are composed of the following four components: they have the right to remain silent;if they decide to make a statement, it can and will be used against them in court; they have the right to have an attorney present during interrogation or to have an opportunity to consult with an attorney; and if they cannot afford an attorney, the state will provide one. The choice that stated "if they cannot afford an attorney, the state will not provide one" is not a part of the Miranda warning. 

A criminal act that is committed for ideological purposes that constitutes a threat against the state is referred to as "political crime." These criminal acts may utilize victimless, property, cyber, organized, and other crimes; however, if they are committed with an ideological purpose against the state, then they are considered to be a political crime. Political crimes may also be defined as a criminal act by the state. 

Public order crimes are defined as crimes that threaten the general well-being and challenge the accepted mores, folkways, and laws of society. The only choice that represents a public order crime is "aggressive panhandling." On the other hand, "embezzlement," "shoplifting," and "burglary" are considered to be property crimes, while "assault" is a violent crime.