Electronegativity refers to the ability of an atom to attract and bind electrons.  If the valence electrons are less then half full, then it takes less energy to lose an electron than gain electron making these atoms less electronegative. If the valence electrons are more than half full, then it takes less energy to gain electrons compared to losing an electron; therefore these electrons are more electronegative. The periodic table can be used to predict the electronegativity of the atom and how it compares to other atoms. As you move left to right of the periodic table, the electronegativity increases because the atoms on the right side of the periodic table have more valence electrons, and smaller radii. As you move down the periodic table the electronegativity decreases because the atomic number increases resulting in a greater distance between valence electrons and the nucleus causing less pull on the valence electrons.  

Using the electronegativity periodic trend, we can predict which of the atom's is most electronegative. Aluminium, silicon, phosphorous, sulfur, and chlorine are all in the same row in the periodic table. Therefore, chlorine is the most electronegative because it is the farthest right on the periodic table so it has the most valence electrons and it will cost less energy to gain an electron than lose an electron. 

The atomic radii is the size of an atom when it is not bonded to any other atoms. The periodic table can be used to estimate the size of the atomic radii of atoms. As you move down the periodic table the atomic radii increase, but as you move from left to right on the periodic table, the size of the atomic radii decrease. 

Sodium, aluminium, phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine are all in the same row of the periodic table. Since the size of the atomic radii decreases as you move from left to right on the periodic table, the element furthest to the left will be the largest. Therefore, sodium is the largest atom out of the group. 

Electronegativity refers to the ability of an atom to attract and bind electrons.  If the valence electrons are less then half full, then it takes less energy to lose an electron than gain electron making these atoms less electronegative. If the valence electrons are more than half full, then it takes less energy to gain electrons compared to losing an electron; therefore these electrons are more electronegative. The periodic table can be used to predict the electronegativity of the atom and how it compares to other atoms. As you move left to right of the periodic table, the electronegativity increases because the atoms on the right side of the periodic table have more valence electrons. As you move down the periodic table the electronegativity decreases because the atomic number increases resulting in a greater distance between valence electrons and the nucleus causing less pull on the valence electrons.  

Using the electronegativity periodic trend, we can predict which of the atom's is least electronegative. Oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium are all in the same group of the periodic table. Therefore, polonium is the least electronegative because it is closest to the bottom of the periodic table and has the largest atomic numbers. Since polonium has the largest atomic number, there is a greater distance between the valence electrons and the nucleus resulting in a decreased pull on the valence electrons. Therefore, it is easier to lose a valence electron compared to atom's with a smaller atomic number.  

Cadmium normally has  electrons, but  only has  electrons.

The normal electron configuration for  is as follows:

Since the cadmium is losing  electrons, it must lose them from the highest energy shell. In this case, this means the cadmium will be losing its electrons in . 

Thus, the electron configuration for  is .

The normal electron configuration for  is as follows:

Since it is losing  electrons, the element must lose the electrons from the highest energy shell first. Thus, the element loses  electrons from  and  electron for .

The electron configuration for  is then 

Start by finding the noble gas core. For tungsten, this will be xenon as this is the noble gas that is closest to it.

The normal electron configuration for  is as follows:

Recall that electrons are lost in the highest energy level subshell first.

 has lost  electrons. It will lose the first two electrons from the  shell, then it will lose  electron from the  shell, giving it the following electron configuration:

Start by finding the noble gas core. For iron, this will be argon as this is the noble gas that is closest to it.

Next, recall that since the  orbitals are higher in energy that the  orbitals, electrons will be lost from the  orbital first.

The normal electron configuration for  is as follows:

 has lost  electrons. It will lose the first two electrons from the  shell, then it will lose  electron from the  shell, giving it the following electron configuration:

Electrons of an atom are located within electronic orbitals around a nucleus. The electrons of each atoms have their own specific energy level called principal energy level. When electrons are excited by absorbing energy the electrons can jump to a high energy level. Then when an electron drops back to a lower energy level the electron emits the energy. Therefore, when an atom moves from a lower energy state to a higher energy state. the electrons absorb energy. 

Each element has a unique electron configuration that represents the arrangement of electrons in orbital shells and sub shells. There are four different orbitals, s, p, d, and f that each contain two electrons. The p, d, and f orbitals contain subshells that allow them to hold more electrons. The orbitals for an element can be determined using the periodic table. The s-block consists of group 1 and 2 (the alkali metals) and helium. The p-block consists of groups 3-18. The d-block consists of groups 3-12 (transition metals), and the f-block contains the lanthanides and actinides series. Using this information we can determine the full electron configuration of sodium.  

To do this, start at hydrogen  located at the top left of the periodic table. Hydrogen  and helium  are in the first s orbital and account for . Next, we move to the second s-orbital that contains lithium (Li) and beryllium (Be), which accounts for . Then we move to boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and neon, which are all in the p-block and account for . There is no 1p orbital. Finally, we are at sodium, which is in the s-block and accounts for . Therefore the full electron configuration of sodium is . 

Each element has a unique electron configuration that represents the arrangement of electrons in orbital shells and subshells. There are four different orbitals, s, p, d, and f that each contain two electrons. The p, d, and f orbitals contain subshells that allow them to hold more electrons. The orbitals for an element can be determined using the periodic table. The s-block consists of group 1 and 2 (the alkali metals) and helium. The p-block consists of groups 3-18. The d-block consists of groups 3-12 (transition metals), and the f-block contains the lanthanides and actinides series. Using this information we can determine the electron configuration of iodine in nobel gas configuration.  

The nobel gas configuration is a short hand to writing out the full electron configuration. To do this, start at the nobel gas that come before the element of interest. In the case of iodine, the nobel gas is krypton. Therefore, the electron configuration will begin with , and this will be the new starting place for the electron configuration.

After krypton comes the s-block, which contains elements with the atomic numbers 37 and 38 that account for . Then comes the d-block containing elements 39-48 that account for . Finally comes the p-block containing elements 49-53 that account for . Therefore, the electron configuration of iodine in nobel gas configuration is .