Biochemistry : Nucleic Acid Structures
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Example Questions
Example Question #131 : Macromolecule Structures And Functions
What is the purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway (also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt or HMS)?
Detoxification of hepatic cells
Production of 
Regulation of gluconeogenesis
Production of pentose phosphate for chemical signaling between cells
Production of
The pentose phosphate pathway (also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt or HMS), mainly serves to produce 
Example Question #2 : Nucleic Acid Derivatives
Which of the following is an example of a nucleoside?
Guanosine monophosphate
Adenosine
Adenine
Cytosine
Adenosine
A nucleoside is composed of both a nitrogenous base as well as a sugar. Cytosine and adenine are just nitrogenous bases. Guanosine monophosphate (or GMP) is also composed of a phosphate group, which designates it as a nucleotide. The only nucleoside is adenosine.
Example Question #1 : Modifications And Epigenetics
Which statement concerning DNA methylation in mammals is false?
Deamination of unmethylated cytosine gives uracil
None of the other answers is false
Deamination of methylated cytosine gives thymine
CpG sites are mutation hot spots
DNA methyltransferase adds a methyl group to cytosines of the dinucleotide CpG
None of the other answers is false
Unmethylated cytosine spontaneously deaminates to uracil. Over time, methylated cytosine is spontaneously deaminated to thymine. Random deamination of methylcytosines causes mutation, creating hot spots. The vast majority of DNA methylations in mammals occurs at CpG (cytosine-phospate-guanine) sites.
Example Question #2 : Modifications And Epigenetics
Which of the following describes a mutation in which a segment of DNA detaches from a chromosome and reattaches to another chromosome?
Point mutation
Translocation
Deletion
Null mutation
Inversion
Translocation
A null mutation is one that deactivates a gene entirely. Point mutations are those that occur within a single, small site in a gene. Inversion involves the reversal of orientation of a DNA segment. Deletion occurs when a whole part of a chromosome is removed, joining two ends that were far apart. Translocation involves the exchange of genetic material from two chromosomes that are not homologous.
Example Question #3 : Modifications And Epigenetics
Generally, silencing of a gene is accomplished by __________?
Methylation
Decarboxylation
Ligation
Phosphorylation
Acetylation
Methylation
The silencing of a gene is most often accomplished via methylation of the DNA. The methyl groups are added to the gene's promoter region and thus, the DNA is not read by transcriptional enzymes.
Example Question #4 : Modifications And Epigenetics
How does methylation cause the silencing of a gene?
Methyl groups are transferred from the coding sequence of the DNA to the promoter region
Methyl groups are added to the coding sequence in the DNA
Methyl groups are removed from the promoter region of the DNA
Methyl groups are added to the promoter region of the DNA
Methyl groups are removed from the coding sequence in the DNA
Methyl groups are added to the promoter region of the DNA
In order to silence a gene by methylation, methyl groups are added to the promoter region of DNA. This area is upstream of the coding sequence and is responsible for initiation of transcription. Thus, methylating the promoter region inhibits further transcription of the gene.
Example Question #5 : Modifications And Epigenetics
Which of the following DNA bases can be methylated in the promoter region to silence a gene?
Cytosine and adenine
Guanine and thymine
Thymine
Guanine and adenine
Cytosine
Cytosine and adenine
The only two bases that can be methylated are cytosine and adenine.
Example Question #5 : Modifications And Epigenetics
Formation of thymine dimers in DNA can lead to conditions such as melanoma when unrepaired. This DNA mutation is primarily caused by __________.
defects in DNA topoisomerase
UV irradiation
alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustard
UV irradiation
Alkylating agents and 
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