The presence of an  group on the 2’ carbon if ribose does indeed make any phosphodiester bonds at this site subject to hydrolysis. RNA can sometimes form double-helices, such as in tRNA. mRNA is constantly being degraded in the cytoplasm, and so it has a very short half-life relative to the life of the cell. RNA’s hairpin turn structures are composed of only one molecule which has doubled back on itself, rather than two separate molecules.

B DNA has a wide and deep major groove and a narrow and deep minor groove. All other statements regarding B DNA are true.

The correct order is base pair, nucleotide, nucleosome ("bead on a string"), solenoid, radial loop, chromosome. A solenoid is created by the packing of DNA with multiple nucleosomes, and a radial loop is compacted even further in chromatin.

Recall that guanine and cytosine form three hydrogen bonds to one another in DNA, while adenine and thymine only form two hydrogen bonds to one another. This means that DNA strands with higher concentrations of guanine and cytosine will be more stable, and thus require greater energy to break apart. In this case, since DNA-2 required more energy (higher temperature) to denature, it has a higher concentration of guanine and cytosine. 

The promoter region is a short segment of DNA that is recognized and bound to by RNA polymerase prior to transcription. The promoter region is usually upstream of the operator and will not be transcribed into mRNA. 

Histones are rich in the amino acids Asp Lys and Glu Arg, giving an overall net negative positive charge. (Because DNA is negatively charged, this allows for tighter binding between the histones and coiled DNA).

DNA's sugar is deoxyribose, which involves the lack of a hydroxyl group on the second cabon. RNA's sugar is ribose. DNA and RNA is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and both contain phosphate and neither contain sulfur.

DNA polymerase III is the only DNA replication enzyme with proofreading (3'-5' exonuclease) capabilities. Ligase links Okazaki fragments. Helicase unwinds the two DNA strands. DNA polymerase I contains 5'-3' exonuclease activity, but this is involved in primer removal, not proofreading. Primase is a type of RNA polymerase.

Okazaki fragments are found in the lagging strand, and are linked by DNA ligase. These short fragments of DNA are formed because DNA polymerase III (the main polymerizing enzyme complex) can only add nucleotides the the 3' end of a DNA strand. Since DNA strands are antiparallel, this is unavoidable. 

The semiconservative model of DNA replication describes the daughter strand containing one new and one old strand. Dispersive and conservative models were both rejected from their experiment. Independet and dependent do not pertain to any of the scientist's theories of replication.