Water is polar for all of these reasons. First, oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. This means that oxygen attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen does. Thus, in the hydrogen-oxygen bond of water, the electrons will be distributed asymmetrically--they will be oriented more towards oxygen than hydrogen. The molecular geometry of the water molecule (bent) results from oxygen containing a steric number of four with two lone pairs, thus the molecule has a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end.

An amphipathic molecule is one which contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Benzene is made up of six carbon atoms joined together in a ring, with one hydrogen atom attached to each carbon (). This makes it a hydrocarbon, meaning that benzene is entirely hydrophobic. It does not have any hydrophilic regions and thus cannot be amphipathic.

Calcium chloride () is an ionic compound. This means that it is hydrophilic, not amphipathic. Acetic acid () is an interesting compound because it consists of a methyl group and a carboxylic acid. The carboxylic acid is hydrophilic. The methyl group, consisting of a carbon and three hydrogen atoms, is hydrophobic, but this group is too small to make the entire compound amphipathic. Thus, acetic acid is not amphipathic.

Lastly, palmitic acid () is definitely an amphipathic molecule. The carboxylic acid portion is hydrophilic, and the hydrocarbon chain is very long, making up the hydrophobic region.

Because of hydrogen bonding, water has a low high heat of vaporization. In other words, it takes more energy to free up water molecules from a hydrogen-bonded liquid state to a gaseous state.

Interstitial water is the fluid on the outside of cells, and surrounds the cells of the human body. While estimates vary, the best answer is that 15% of the entire human body is composed of interstitial water. Overall, about 60% of the body (42L) is composed of water. Additionally, about two-thirds of the total body water is intracellular water. Finally, about 5% of the entire body is composed of plasma.

Remember that these percentages are estimates, and vary by individual. Sex and muscle mass are two factors that can significantly alter these estimates.

Oxygen is a more electronegative atom than hydrogen, and therefore attracts electrons within the molecule more strongly than hydrogen. Because electrons are negatively charged, oxygen must therefore contain a partial negative charge, while hydrogen must contain a partial positive charge.

Because water is neutral, the overall charge should add up to 0. However, there are two hydrogens in water, compared to one oxygen. Two positive charges of  will cancel out a single negative charge of .

Hydrogen bonding occurs when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen interacts with a lone pair of electrons on another fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom. So first, the two hydrogens in water can form hydrogen bonds, as they are connected to an oxygen atom. Next, the oxygen atom in water has two lone pairs of electrons, and those also can form hydrogen bonds. A single water molecule therefore has the capability of forming four hydrogen bonds.

Since carbon has four valence electrons in its shell, it can form up to four bonds with different atoms to complete its valence shell with electrons.

The oxidation state of carbon in carbon monoxide is indeed . This is because oxygen contributes a  to the state, and the molecule's overall charge is neutral. Although diatomic carbon with a quadruple bond is theorized by some scientists possibly to exist, it is not regularly observed. The allotropes of carbon (such as graphite and diamond) are solids, not liquids, at room temperature. Hydrogen is less electronegative than carbon, and some 6-member carbon rings (such as cyclohexane) are not aromatic.

Hyperventilation involves expelling carbon dioxide from the body, so the amount of  in the blood would decrease. Since carbon dioxide is directly associated with acid and  ion production, pH would increase upon elimination of .

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a condition that can occur in people who have diabetes. In this situation, there is a deficiency in insulin production. Consequently, the glucose that is present in the blood has no way of entering cells. These cells, in turn, become starved for energy, causing the body to burn fat and produce acidic ketone bodies as an alternative energy source. The energy deficit that cells experience as a result of not having access to glucose causes significant production of these acidic ketone bodies. In fact, so many of these ketone bodies are produced that it overwhelms the body's normal pH buffering capacity, and thus the blood can become dangerously acidic. High levels of intracellular glucose is incorrect because the lack of insulin causes glucose to be unable to enter these cells. Gluconeogenesis in the liver is also increased because the energy starved cells alert the body that they need energy. The body is "tricked" into "thinking" that the cells aren't getting energy due to a shortage of glucose, even though plenty of glucose is actually available. Thus, gluconeogenesis exacerbates the high blood glucose levels. Fat breakdown in the body is also increased. It is this breakdown of fat that provides the ketone bodies as an alternative fuel source for the body. Glucagon output is also increased because, as explained above, the body "thinks" it is energy starved due to there not being enough glucose even though there is plenty. This hormone increases gluconeogenesis and fat breakdown, as described above.