Thomas Hobbes is often contrasted with John Locke. Locke had a very positive outlook on human nature and an inclusive concept of politics and government, whereas Hobbes had a very negative outlook on human nature and an authoritarian concept of politics and government. Thomas Hobbes’ most famous work is The Leviathan (1651), in which he argues for the necessity of authoritarianism in governance. It is worth noting that Hobbes also laid much of the groundwork for later explorations of the rights of man, limits of the law, and consent of the governed. But, it is for his pessimistic and negative statement that Hobbes is most frequently remembered - “[Mankind, in a state of nature, lives in a constant state of war] . . . and worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death: and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”

Deism is associated with the Scientific Revolution because it attempted to explain how God could co-exist with the newly-discovered laws of science. The idea of a watchmaker fits most closely with those requirements, because it embraces the idea that world was created by a higher power but rejects the idea of divine intervention after creation.

The humanist philosophy of studying the classics, celebrating human achievement, and focusing on individuality touched nearly every aspect of Renaissance art and literature. Shakespeare expressed interest in the classics by frequently using them as settings and subjects for his plays, while both Michelangelo and Hans Holbein created paintings that shared the classical love of the human form. Erasmus and Thomas More infused their humanist writings with Christianity, often using satire to raise questions about morality and human nature. However, Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy had little to do with humanism, as it was largely a political move.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was famous for his theory that society must obey the general will of the people, an idea which would later become highly influential on the French Revolution; however, many other Enlightenment philosophers presented ideas about how society should be run: Montesquieu and Voltaire argued for separation of powers and religious toleration, respectively, while Thomas Hobbes believed that men are innately bad and must be ruled by a powerful leader called a Leviathan. John Locke took a different stance, arguing that the mind was a blank slate, or tabula rasa, at birth, and men are innately good.

Hobbes was primarily interested in political philosophy and he wrote The Leviathan, so he is the correct choice. Voltaire was a French political philosopher concerned with politics, however he did not write the work in question, so he would not be a good choice. Rene Descartes and Jean-Paul Sartre are also French thinkers, but they did not write The Leviathan either, so neither of them would be good choices.

René Descartes advocated very strongly for systematic doubt and dualism in his seminal philosophical work Meditations on First Philosophy, so that would be the best choice. Aristotle and Aquinas were great thinkers, but they lived far before Dualism was a commonly discussed intellectual topic. Voltaire was also a French philosopher, but he was generally concerned with ethical and political philosophy, not epistemology. Lastly Karl Popper was a philosopher of science in the 20th century, so he lived far after Dualism was a popular topic of discourse.

The Prince was written by the Italian philosopher and political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli in the sixteenth century. It is widely acclaimed as one of the leading works on political theory in human history. In The Prince, Machiavelli advises a theoretical prince on the best ways to govern and ensure the continuation of his power.

While increased trade in the Renaissance did bring eastern culture to Western Europe, the Humanist movement was completely focused on the study of the classics and western styles of rhetoric, poetry and philosophy. 

Hume and Voltaire, in particular, were highly skeptical of the church. Wollstonecraft and Rousseau debated the role of women in society, although neither promoted their subservience. All of the thinkers above were critical of absolutist or tyrannical rule. The Romantics, not the Enlightenment thinkers, valued emotional responses to the world. One of the few things that all of the thinkers above agreed on was the power of human reason. 

Mill and Bentham wrote about Utilitarianism, Nietzsche and Kierkegaard wrote about Existentialism, and Hegel wrote about Idealism. Engels and Marx wrote about Communism and promoted placing the means of production in the hands of the workers.