Plato wrote the work - where he famously advocated for the concept of the philosopher-king - so he would be the correct choice. Socrates, Plato's teacher, was a very influential thinker but he did not write any works himself and spent most of his time in dialectics. Aristotle is most famous for his interest in value ethics and the natural world, so he too would not be a good choice. Archimedes and Epicurus - also Greek thinkers - are best know for their contributions to mathematics and the problem of evil, respectively, so they too would not be good choices. 

Confucius lived during the Warring States Period of Chinese history (475 - 221 BCE), and also during the period of Chinese history known as The Hundred Schools of Thought. He developed a cohesive philosophy/religion known as Confucianism, which has been widely influential in Chinese society ever since.

Zeno and Cleanthes were ancient Greek philosophers who were both instrumental in the formation and development of Stoicism. Zeno is often credited as the founder of Stoicism, he lived in Athens in the fourth and third centuries BCE. Cleanthes was the head of the Athenian school of Stoicism in the third century BCE.

Confucianism, which is a philosophical tradition based on the teaching of Confucius, was and still is an important part of Chinese philosophy and Chinese culture. The most famous aspect of his teachings is the golden rule: "treat others as you want to be treated."

The ancient Egyptian language change and evolved, but only became extinct after the conquest of Arabic speakers during the 7th century.

Although the Egypt had been a province of both the western and eastern Roman empires, Latin never replaced Egyptian as a language of the masses.

Alexander the Great visited Egypt before his Asian invasion, but that had no effect on Egypt's language.

The Egyptians won a (costly) victory at Kadesh against the Hittites; it did not change the language of Egypt.

French was never widely spoken by Egyptian's even during Napoleon's invasion.

Scholastic theology developed in the monastic approach to education and theology that was prevalent in Europe throughout the Medieval period. Scholastic theology was primarily concerned with teaching and rationally proving the existence of God.

Thomas Aquinas was an Italian friar who lived in the thirteenth century. He is closely associated with the monastic tradition of scholasticism. Thomas Aquinas wrote extensively on philosophy, natural law, and scholastic theology and is an extremely influential figure of all three traditions. He was also a strong advocate for Aristotle and is unique in his attempts (at the time) to marry ancient Greek philosophy with Christian traditions.

After the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century most of ancient Greek culture was forgotten in Europe and the continent fell into a relative “Dark Age.” The Crusades began at the end of the eleventh century and raged intermittently for the next few centuries. The Crusades were initially intended to recapture the Holy Land (Jerusalem) for Christendom, but eventually fractured as different European armies sought to extend their power into the Middle East. Greek culture, which had long been held and preserved by the Byzantine Empire, was rediscovered after the brief conquest of Constantinople by crusaders in the thirteenth century. This would lead, indirectly, to the Renaissance and the ‘rebirth’ of classical knowledge and understanding.

Neo-Confucianism first emerged in China during the Tang Dynasty. Neo-Confucianism may be understood as a revival of Confucian teachings during the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty and a subsequent synthesis of Confucianism with aspects of Buddhism and Taoism. It reached the height of its cultural significance during the Northern Song Dynasty.

Zhu Xi lived from 1130 to 1200, during the period of the Northern Song Dynasty in China. He is primarily remembered as a leading Confucian scholar and the most influential figure in Neo-Confucianism. Among other contributions Zhu is credited with compiling the four most important books in Confucian tradition (The Four Books) - Analects of Confucius, Great Learning, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean.