This question is slightly tricky. The correct answer is the Vice President of the United States of America. The Constitution mandates that the VP serve as the President of the Senate. Substantively speaking, the President of the Senate has relatively little power—the only time that the President may vote is in the event of a straight tie (50/50 split). Although this does happen, it’s not an incredibly common occurrence (Joe Biden—the VP/President of the Senate under Obama—for example, has not cast a single tie-breaking vote to date). That being said, the President of the Senate is responsible for Congressional procedure in the Senate, and a cunning Senate President can accomplish much using only the rules of procedure (for a fantastic, if somewhat inflated, example of this, watch House of Cards Season 2, Episode 3—it’s actually based off of a real event!).

This is a relatively easy question, provided that you know (or remember) what candidate- and party-centered politics are. Sometimes the most obvious answer is the correct answer, and that is indeed the case here: candidate-centered politics emphasize the role of the individual politician—in other words, the candidate seeks to run on the message of, ‘what can I do for you?’ Party-centered politics, however, emphasize the role of a particular politician’s party more so than his individuality—that is, the candidate seeks to run on the message of, ‘what can my party do for you?’  

The other two answers involving the constitution are wrong for the simple reasons that political parties are not even mentioned in the Constitution (thus, it would be impossible for a party-centered politics to be anywhere in the Constitution).

Questions dealing with procedural differences between the Senate and the House tend to be a little more difficult; they are both foreign and somewhat dull. But regardless, the answer to this question is false for the simple reason that only the House has a Rules Committee. While the Senate is the “upper” chamber, and more powerful in a few different ways, it is less strict than the House when it comes to procedure. This is reflected in the fact that it lacks a Rules Committee.

The leader of the House of Representatives is called the Speaker of the House. The most infamous Speaker of the House was Speaker Joe Cannon. He wielded nearly unlimited power in the House and generally stirred up so much trouble that the member of the House eventually revolted against his rules and instituted new procedural rules that greatly curbed the powers of the Speaker. Regardless, the Speaker is still the most powerful position within the House.

Strangely enough, while the House has both a Speaker of the House and the Majority Leader, with the former being more powerful than the latter, the Majority Leader is the most powerful position within the Senate, when it comes to day-to-day activities. Technically speaking, the Vice President presides over the Senate (and the President Pro Tem presides in the VP’s absence), but the Majority Leader wields more day-to-day power.

Sometimes the most obvious answer is also the correct one. That is the case here. The Whip (whether it be Majority or Minority) is responsible for corralling congress members to vote for (or against) a bill. Technically speaking, oftentimes the Speaker or Majority leader, or anyone else in leadership positions may help out in getting votes (by trading favors, or something similar), but it is the Whips job to do so.

UCAs are only important in the Senate. Neither the House nor the Supreme Court have anything to do with UCAs. Because the Senate does not have a Rules Committee, technically, bills are just free-for-alls when it comes to rules of consideration. That said, in order to prevent the Senate from devolving into a madhouse, the Senate operates under UCAs (Unanimous Consent Agreements) which establish rules of consideration for each bill.

This should have been a fairly easy question, provided that you know what descriptive representation means. Remember: descriptive representation refers to the type of representation where a particular congressman (or woman) physically reflects his constituency. In other words, if a Congressman came from a predominantly black area, he would be black. If (the same) Congressman came from a district that was predominantly black females, he wouldn’t be a “he” at all—this congress person would be a black female.

In reality, however, Congress is not descriptively representative. The majority of Congress is made up of middle-aged, white, educated, males. The country, on the other hand, is not predominantly middle-aged, white, educated males. Thus Congress is not descriptively representative. 

While the Framers did indeed predict that the Senate would likely be inclined to cater to the elite, they explicitly moved to counter this tendency through the setup of the House of Representatives. Ideally, the House would act as a ballast in favor of the general public, where the concerns of ordinary people would have a more direct impact on their state representatives. Yet the Senate’s elitism was not seen as entirely negative – the Framers also wanted to avoid tyranny of the majority taking hold in the House. These concerns are clearly on display when it comes to the rules of Congressional apportionment – with numerous Representatives and comparatively fewer Senators. The powers delegated to each of the two sections also reflect this balance: the Senate alone is allowed to ratify treaties and confirm presidential appointments, while the House holds sway over more generalized functions, such as initiating funding bills and overseeing the federal budget.

According to the section of the Constitution which lists the order of presidential succession, the Speaker of the House is actually second in line, directly behind the Vice President. If some emergency (typically either death or grave incapacitation) were to befall the President while s/he is in office, the Vice President would step into the role – but if the Vice President were similarly somehow unable to serve, the Speaker of the House would assume the presidential mantle. While this precise series of events has not yet ever occurred in the history of the American presidency, it nevertheless does play a small part in influencing each party’s selection of their Speaker.