Congress has threatened to withhold various types of funds in order to gain leverage in legal areas granted to states under the Tenth Amendment. One famous case was held up by the Supreme Court: the Reagan administration threatened to withhold ten percent of highway funds until states changed their legal drinking age to 21. This is part of a long history of power struggles between states and the federal government. Students should be familiar with the most notable cases of these power struggles throughout American history, and in that way be familiar with Federalism (including Dual Federalism and Cooperative Federalism).

Article IV (4) of the United States Constitution is concerned with addressing the relationship between the states, as well as between the states and the Federal government.

This is should be a fairly simply question, as long as you remember the difference between inter and intra: inter means “between” and intra means “within.” Thus, interstate commerce refers to business in between the states, while intrastate commerce refers to business solely within the state. The former falls under the powers of the federal government and the latter belongs to the states (this has been . . . tweaked . . . slightly by the Supreme Court and the “dormant commerce clause” but that is far beyond the scope of your course).

All of the other powers belong to the federal government, for somewhat obvious reasons: you don’t want individual states attempting to represent the US as a whole to foreign countries—that would be horribly disjointed; in order to have uniform bankruptcy laws, those laws cannot be formed in each individual state (again, oversimplified); to maintain a nation-wide defense, there has to be nationwide oversight.

The “graying of America” is a demographic term used to describe the aging of the population in contemporary times. The average age is steadily rising, as baby boomers are becoming older. This could have challenging consequences for the current young generation, because there will be less people paying into social security and more people withdrawing money.

Pork barrel legislation is the term given to the common legislative practice of elected officials gaining funding through legislature for a project that favors their home district. At its most controversial, pork barrel legislation is concerned with gaining funding for something that disproportionately affects the representative's district but is paid for by the taxes of the whole nation.

The main purpose of this question is to test the students understanding of accountability. Specifically, the difference in accountability between a parliamentary and presidential system. In a presidential democracy, all members of the legislative branch, and the president are both elected, and thus are directly voted on by citizens, making them accountable to those citizens.

While the two branches are dependent and accountable to one another, in one way or another, their relationship to the citizenry is the most fundamental aspect of their accountability.

Controversy has arisen in the past few decades over the role of former members of Congress in lobbying. This has led to what is called a "revolving door" in Congress. In light of this, light restrictions have been added that prevent former members of Congress from lobbying to former staff for one year, and other members of Congress for two. Students should be aware of current controversies surrounding interest groups in the United States.

With respect to the other answers, few states have restrictions on state funds being used to lobby, lobbyists must register but do not need to apply for licensing, lobbyists can certainly work in multiple states, and foreign entities can lobby the government as long as they adhere to certain restrictions.

The Department of the Interior manages programs related to Native Americans. The Department of the Interior is also responsible for the management of Federal land and national parks, as well as conservation and the management of natural resources.

The White House Press Secretary is a modern phenomenon, only created in the last half of the twentieth century with the explosion of different forms of news media. With a daily briefing in the White House Press Room, the Press Secretary's main function is to distill the President's message for the White House Press Corps and to answer any of their questions. While this has a residual effect of extending the message to other groups, the chief task of a Press Secretary is to deal with the press.

Freedom of the Press has been temporarily restricted during wartime various times, such as in the Sedition Act of 1918, upheld by the Supreme Court in 1919 under the "clear and present danger" test, and again in 2001 following the declaration of the War on Terror. Students should be able to quickly rule out most options besides "freedom of the press" and "freedom of speech." Freedom of the press is more frequently directly restricted, as the freedom of speech for individual persons acting outside of mass media is rarely as potentially dangerous or influential.