Coordinated expenditures is the correct answer. Coordinated expenditures, much like the name might suggest, are expenditures on behalf of—in coordination with—a candidate and her campaign. A campaign ad, for example, is a coordinated expenditure—it’s generally a ‘true’ campaign ad if it ends with “I’m XXXXX and I approve this message” or any other sort of indication that the ad was specifically approved by the candidate.

Independent expenditures is the correct answer. Similar in name, but different in substance, to coordinated expenditures, independent expenditures are expenditures that are completely separated from a campaign. Thus, a smear ad from a PAC, for example, is not a coordinated expenditure: it’s an independent expenditure. Do you see why?

The lame duck period does not mean that the government stops functioning until the newly elected officials are sworn into office. For the Congress, this means that the defeated or retiring Congressmen and Senators still have the opportunity to propose and vote on laws. The newly elected officials must be sworn into office before they can take any legislative action. The President may issue Executive Orders but they are not subject to the approval of state legislatures. The Supreme Court does not make laws rather they rule on the Constitutionality of the law.

During the 1960s and student activism in response to the Vietnam War, a movement arose that wanted the voting age lowered to 18 from 21. By 1971, both houses of congress ratified the 26th Amendment and it was subsequently ratified by the states.

In the 1992 Presidential elections, Bill Clinton defeated incumbent Republican President George Bush. The election is considered a partial realignment election because the West coast and upper Midwest both became reliable Democratic states in elections from this point forward. The primary consequence to Congress membership was the increase of representatives who were either minorities or women.

When Presidential candidates select a running-mate, they are highly likely to emphasize picking someone who balances the ticket and will appeal to a wider spectrum of voters. So, a highly liberal Democratic candidate might pick a running-mate who is extremely well-regarded by Conservatives and falls close to the middle of the political spectrum. They also may be often be seen as more superficial choices. Recent classic examples of superficial running-mate choices include President Obama and Joe Biden (young and black; old and white) and John McCain and Sarah Palin (old and male; young and female).

The Electoral College currently has 538 members, one for each member of Congress (Senators and Representatives), as well as three electors representing the District of Columbia. The Electoral College is not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, but instead the Constitution simply mentions that the President will be chosen by electors "apportioned by State legislatures." However, the Electoral College has been largely present in its present form since the eighteenth century, with the three DC electors being added by the Twenty Third Amendment (1961).

The Australian Ballot, also called the Secret Ballot and the Massachusetts Ballot, was introduced in the last decade of the nineteenth century. The primary intention of the Australian Ballot was to ensure voter privacy by making the voter choices secret. This was done to reduce the impact of bribery and intimidation that had so affected the election of 1884.

In recent years, Presidential elections have been extremely tightly contested by the count of the popular vote. In the last three elections, the winning candidate has been able to carry at least fifty-percent of the popular vote, giving him the majority; in 1992 Bill Clinton won the election with less than forty-five percent of the popular vote because he won the plurality—the most of any one candidate—and won in the electoral college; however, in his first election in 2000, George W. Bush won neither the majority nor the plurality of the popular vote, narrowly losing out to Democrat candidate Al Gore. President Bush carried thirty states to Gore’s twenty and won the electoral college by five points.

Hard money is money given by a donor or source directly to a candidate to fund his or her campaign. Soft money is money that is given instead to the party to indirectly fund the campaign of one or more people. Soft money is now, by and large, illegal.