Aurelia's therapist is most certainly a humanistic therapist. That is to say, her therapist is trained as person-centered (also known as client-centered) clinician following the theory of Carl Rogers. According to this approach, the three primary components of effective therapy are unconditional positive regard, empathy, and authenticity. This approach, unlike the others, also stresses the role of human freedom (sometimes, this is referred to as free will).

Psychosurgery most often involved a prefrontal lobotomy, which involved taking out a part of or the whole prefrontal cortex. People hypothesized that the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for our conscious thought, went awry in the minds of mentally ill people and that taking it out would cure their mental illness. The results, however, were often tragic and mentally ill people would be left in a vegetative state.

“Dialectical behavioral therapy” uses the pillars of mindfulness, emotional regulations, distress tolerance, and interpersonal skills to help individuals develop a more adaptive means of coping. It is particularly effective for clients with borderline personality disorder to assist them in managing their emotions and improving their interpersonal relationships.

Yalom's therapeutic factors include all of the choices except: joining. Yalom identified 11 factors that he believed influenced the process of change and recovery among therapy clients. Of these factors, “joining” was not included.

Systematic desensitization is the best answer as it is a behavioral technique that is most often used to extinguish a phobia. Counterconditioning and aversive conditioning are also behavioral forms of therapy; however, they are not the most successful ways of extinguishing phobias. Self-actualization is a humanistic form of therapy. 

Ben's technique is indicative of "flooding," which pushes the client to address their most frightening scenario first. This induces great anxiety; however, after nothing life threatening happens, the client will realize that their fear is irrational. This is the opposite of systematic desensitization, which starts with a stimulus which induces low anxiety and then builds onward to higher anxiety inducing stimuli. 

"A psychiatrist can prescribe medication" is the correct answer. Psychiatrists can prescribe medication to individuals whom they believe have some sort of chemical imbalance or other psychological disorders. On the other hand, counseling psychologists only need a graduate degree in psychology. Last, "a psychiatrist is trained in Freudian methods" is false because psychoanalysts are trained in Freudian theory. 

"Electroconvulsive therapy" is a procedure in which small electric currents are passed through the brain to trigger a seizure. This procedure is only used to treat very serious illnesses (e.g. severe depression, schizophrenia), not ADHD. All of the other answer choices demonstrate some efficacy in treating those with ADHD. 

Humanistic psychology emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. "Unconditional positive regard" is the basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does. Humanistic therapists use unconditional positive regard to establish a strong connection with their clients. 

Positive reinforcement is a behavior-management strategy. The goal of positive reinforcement is to give something to someone to make a desirable behavior more likely to occur in the future. For example, a dog is more likely to obey his owner when he receives his favorite bone.