Psychologists have suggested that there are three types of learning that aid in memory formation: recall, recognition and relearning. These three processes feedback and provide psychologists with a way to measure retention (storage) of information that has been encoded into the brain. 

Relearning is the process by which we learn something for the second time. This learning process often occurs faster than the first time. For instance, covering new information for a unit in math may be challenging at first, but after a few weeks when it's time to take a test on the entire unit, it may be easier to digest that previously covered concept that was so challenging. The same process is encountered when studying for a cumulative final. This final covers information from the beginning of the semester that may have easily been forgotten, but the information may be quickly relearned when revisiting it. 

It may seem that recall would be an appropriate answer, however, this process requires retrieving information not currently in one's conscious memory. For example, this is exhibited during a fill-in-the-blank test. Given that the question merely asks for the reviewing of information, this answer would be incorrect, as we do not know the format of the test. The same may be applied for recognition. This is the process by which one identifies concepts already learned. While this may also seem like an appropriate answer choice, it is not as it is a process well exhibited through multiple-choice tests. Given the four or five options provided as an answer to a question, using recognition will allow one to recognize the potentially correct answer to the question. These processes do not entertain the idea of studying or reacquiring information.

The information-processing models are analogies that compare human memory to a computer's operations. In doing so, this analogy breaks the human memory system into three parts: encoding, storage, and retrieval. 

Encoding is the first part of the processing. It is during this stage that the information gets into our brains. In terms of a computer, this would be when information is "encoded" into the hard drive. This process is followed by storage. As the term indicates, this is when information is retained. This is synonymous with retention, which is measured by recall, recognition and relearning. The third process to this model is retrieval. Much like when we command a computer to do something and it retrieves the information that's been stored, this is when we call the information back out from storage. 

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin proposed a three-phase model to explain the memory forming process. This included in order:

1. Recording to-be remembered information as sensory memory. This is when external events causes a sensory input (stimulus). It's this fleeting occurrence that will be processed as a sensory memory. 

2. Information is then processed into short-term memory. At this time, the information is encoded into our brains through rehearsal. 

3. For future retrieval, information then moves into long-term memory.

This model has been updated since Atkinson and Shiffrin's time by other psychologists to now include working memory and automatic processing. Working memory is the middle ground for processing. It may be thought  to occur at the same time as short-term memory processing. At this time, information is merely actively (working) processed while short-term memory processes it to be sent to long-term memory. Automatic processing is the direct pathway by which external events are automatically processed into long-term memory.

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin proposed a three-phase model to explain the memory forming process. This included in order:

1. Recording to-be remembered information as sensory memory. This is when external events causes a sensory input (stimulus). It's this fleeting occurrence that will be processed as a sensory memory. 

2. Information is then processed into short-term memory. At this time, the information is encoded into our brains through rehearsal. 

3. For future retrieval, information then moves into long-term memory.

This model has been updated since Atkinson and Shiffrin's time by other psychologists to now include working memory and automatic processing. Working memory is the middle ground for processing. It may be thought  to occur at the same time as short-term memory processing. At this time, information is merely actively (working) processed while short-term memory processes it to be sent to long-term memory. Automatic processing is the direct pathway by which external events are automatically processed into long-term memory.

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin proposed a three-phase model to explain the memory forming process. This included in order:

1. Recording to-be remembered information as sensory memory. This is when external events cause a sensory input (stimulus). It's this fleeting occurrence that will be processed as a sensory memory. 

2. Information is then processed into short-term memory. At this time, the information is encoded into our brains through rehearsal. 

3. For future retrieval, information then moves into long-term memory.

This model has been updated since Atkinson and Shiffrin's time by other psychologists to now include working memory and automatic processing. Working memory is the middle ground for processing. It may be thought  to occur at the same time as short-term memory processing. At this time, information is merely actively (working) processed while short-term memory processes it to be sent to long-term memory. Automatic processing is the direct pathway by which external events are automatically processed into long-term memory.

Baddeley and colleagues disagreed with Shiffrin and Atkinson's idea about short-term memory. Shiffrin and Atkinson viewed short-term memory to be a brief "holding" shelf for information as it is passed along to long-term memory. Baddeley and colleagues discovered this to be incorrect. Short-term memory isn't just a temporary passing stage to hold information, but it is an active desktop where information is actively processed. This middle stage is responsible for linking incoming information with previously stored information. 

This added to Shiffrin and Atkinson's model for memory processing by replacing/combining the short-term memory stage with working memory. Here information from sensory memory is stored and processed by maintenance and rehearsal. Eventually the information will be ready to be encoded into long-term memory.

Our minds operate on a two-track system; this is also known as dual-track memory. This system operates with us consciously processing information (effortful processing) while there is also information behind the scenes that is automatically processed into storage (automatic processing). 

Conscious processing occurs for declarative (explicit) memories. These are memories that we consciously aware of, such as facts and experiences we focus on. Automatic processing occurs for the experiences and occurrences we are not aware of. These memories are known as non-declarative, or implicit, memories. These memories skip our conscious encoding and go directly to storage.  

Sensory memory is the beginning to memory processing. Upon sensory stimuli (input), the information will be stored as a fleeting sensory memory, which will soon be encoded into short-term/working memory. From this middle stage, the information will be rehearsed and maintained until it is encoded into long-term memory/storage.  

Sensory memory is exactly what it sounds like - memory that pertains to stimuli observed by the senses. Sensory memory may be divided into echoic memory and iconic memory. Echoic memory relates to a fleeting sensory memory for auditory stimuli. Iconic memory relates to a fleeting sensory memory for visual stimuli. 

Sensory memory is memory that pertains to stimuli observed by the senses. Sensory memory may be divided into echoic memory and iconic memory. Echoic memory relates to a fleeting sensory memory for auditory stimuli, where the echo of a sound will be encoded into memory. Iconic memory relates to a fleeting sensory memory for visual stimuli, where an image will be encoded into memory. 

Sensory memory is the beginning to memory processing. Upon sensory stimuli (input), the information will be stored as a fleeting sensory memory, which will soon be encoded into short-term/working memory. From this middle stage, the information will be rehearsed and maintained until it is encoded into long-term memory/storage. Given that both iconic and echoic memory play similar roles for sensory memory, it would be incorrect to initially deduce that one plays a greater role in the different stages of memory processing than the other. 

Chunking, mnemonics, hierarchies, and distributed practice may seem familiar as studying techniques. These are in fact effortful processing strategies that will aid in remembering new information. Chunking is the strategy by which we organize information into familiar units; this is often automatically done. Mnemonics aid with memory via techniques that use vivid imagery or organizational devices. A well-known example of a mnemonic device is "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" for mathematical order of operations (PEMDAS). Hierarchies are a little like chunking, but the individual will remember a few broad concepts that will be divided into narrower and narrower concepts. This is a strategy that enables us to organize information. Distributed practice is merely spacing our encoding over a period of time. This revisit the familiar idea of it being more beneficial to space out study time over a few days or weeks as opposed to "cramming" the night before a test. 

Iconic sensory input would not be a strategy for effortful processing because it is part of memory processing. This is the stimulus that will register as a fleeting sensory iconic (visual) memory. This information does not necessarily have to be processed through effortful processing as a declarative memory. This information may be processed as non-declarative memory through automatic processing as it may have been information we were not consciously aware of. In this case, the information would be automatically processed into long-term memory, skipping short-term and working memory.