Using deception in research is covered by the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) ethics code. Standard 8.07 of the code states “psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress.” Dr. R's study involves both deception and physical pain; therefore, her study is unethical.

An "institutional review board" (IRB), also known as an ethical review board (ERB), is a committee that has been formally designated to approve, monitor, and review psychological research involving human subjects. In the United States, IRBs are governed by Title 45 Code of Federal Regulations Part 46. 

As the intake of sugars increases, the activity of the mice increases. If this were to be graphed, it would indicate a positive correlation from a line with a positive slope. It is important to note that this would be a correlation; furthermore, correlation simply reveals possible relationships and does not necessarily indicate causation, which may be the result of a lurking or confounding variable.

Almost every experiment has a control group, along with one or more experimental groups. A control group must be included to serve as a baseline comparison in contrast to the experimental group. This allows experimenters to determine whether the treatment (the independent variable) creates significant change. The control group is not given experimental treatment, but may be given a placebo. Any differences between the experimental group and control group can be attributed solely to the experimental variable, as this is meant to be the only distinguishng feature between the experimental and control groups.

Longitudinal studies retest the same subjects multiple times over a long period of time. Some longitudinal studies can span several decades, depending on the type of data being collected. These types of studies are especially popular in the field of developmental psychology.

Applied research is always conducted with the end goal of trying to solve practical problems. The other choices may seek to help solve various issues, but this is not always the case. 

Case studies are rare in psychological research, and are typically used when a subject exhibits a rare and unique symptom pattern. Case studies can also be employed in K-12 school settings to show a child's progress over time in response to various interventions.

Qualitative studies do not measure behavior using numbers. Rather, these studies record behaviors such as dialogue, body language, and other observations. Quantitative studies measure variables numerically in order to conduct statistics on the results. All other answer choices are characteristics that are not confined to either type of study alone.

Doing field work for reserarch can give a much more realistic picture of what would happen in the real world. This helps the researcher to discover the things they could miss in a laboratory setting and spread their net wide. For instance, a researcher may have a hypothesis about how autistic children behave in a classroom setting with other students. By observing this in a natural setting, the research considers all of the real world possibilities of this hypothesis. 

Basic research aims to answer questions that are of concern to a particular field. These questions are more of general interest and can be much more for knowledge's own sake as opposed to means toward a specific end. For instance, trying to answer why the sky is blue doesn't have much practical application, but answers an interesting question.

Applied research aims to apply research in some concrete way. For example, researchers may try to answer specific questions so that they can develop a cure or treatment plan for particular illnesses.