"Socioemotional selectivity theory" best describes Jerry. He likes to interact with individuals who elicit positive emotions and avoid stressful situations with people he does not know as well. Individuals in late adulthood prefer to focus on their close relationships and spend time with those they love as opposed to meeting new people. 

"Disengagement theory" suggests that the older individual and society as a whole mutually withdraw and interact less; however, social support and quality interactions are actually protective factors in late adulthood in terms of social-emotional well-being. Rebecca's frustration may be due in part to society's negative view of older individuals and its assumption that it is normal or acceptable for elderly individuals to withdraw from society.

Freud's psychosocial stages include: oral (ages 0-1), anal (ages 1-3), phallic (ages 3-6), latency (ages 6-12), and genital (ages over 12). The oral stage is when infants use their mouth to find oral gratification. The anal stage involves toilet training and controlling bowel and bladder movements. The phallic stage involves the Oedipus and Electra complex, in which boys are attracted to their mothers, and daughters to their fathers. This is usually the stage in which each gender learns their appropriate social roles. During the latent stage, sexual energy is dormant and children play with other children of the same gender. Last, at the genital stage, sexual instincts are reawakened and relationships are sought. 

According the Freud's psychosocial stages, Johnny has not developed in the anal stage. 

Kohlberg's stages of moral development can be characterized as preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Preconventional stages are common in children. Remember, stages cannot be skipped. In this early stage, the morality of an action is judged by the direct consequence of that action. This stage is considered egocentric (where the self is considered the sole meaning of existence).

Jane is in the preoperational stage of development, which occurs between ages two and seven. During this stage a child is egocentric, or unable to understand the perspective of others, and uses imagery and symbols. Sensorimotor is the first stage that occurs from birth to age two. During this stage a child uses the senses and develops object permanence, or the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible. Note that object permanence is not a stage. The concrete operational stage occurs from ages seven to eleven. During this stage a child develops conservation, where a he or she understands that a substance does not change size just because its form changes. The formal operational stage occurs after age eleven and involves abstract logic and reasoning. 

In the preoperational stage (~2-7 years old), a human can speak and understand language, but cannot yet comprehend concrete logic or complex relationships between characteristics of objects. Piaget also characterizes this as a stage of egocentrism.

An instinct is an innate, fixed pattern of behaviors in response to certain stimuli. Instincts do not need to be learned, and are embedded within an organism at birth. An example of an instinct can be observed in baby kangaroos, or joeys. A joey will immediately climb into its mother's pouch upon being born, without any need for learning such behavior.

Object permanence refers to the ability to know an object still exists even though it is out of sight. Although research on the exact age of onset of object permanence is controversial, the preponderance suggests the age of onset to be between 4 and 8 months old, hence the correct answer in this question is 6 months old. All of the other answer choices are much too late in life for object permanence to first develop.

Alcohol consumption of any amount may cause neurons in an unborn, developing child to overshoot their destinations (especially in the brain and spinal cord), while exposure to radiation may cause neurons to stop short of their final destinations. Consumption of alcohol may result in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Unborn children exposed to alcohol may, as a result, suffer from an abnormally small head, growth problems, learning and behavioral disabilities, lower intelligence, and birth defects.

Twin studies show that parenting has little effect on a child’s personality. When young, infants are generally referred to as “difficult” or “easy going.”  These biological personality traits are not greatly influenced by external factors, such as parenting. Parenting does however have a significant influence on a child’s morals, religion, and manners, which can be imposed on a child through discipline and/or exposure. Parenting also influences intelligence, but not to the same extent as morality, religion, or mannerism. Rather, intelligence (and anxiety) is an effect of a child’s secure attachment.