Type A personalities are characterized as being very competitive, goal-driven, and impatient. Additionally, Type A personalities are most likely to exhibit high levels of anger, hostility, and cynicism. While all humans will, at some point, experience lethargy, sadness, happiness, and depression these are, specifically, not characteristic of a Type A personality.

Catharsis, when being used in the context of psychoanalysis, most often refers to a release of pent up, repressed, or strong emotions. These are often negative in nature, such as sadness or anger. In Western societies, it is most often aggression, due to the fact that aggression is a socially unacceptable emotion to display in public. 

The facial feedback hypothesis states that facial expressions can actually trigger the appropriate emotion, rather than just being a reflection of that emotion. Therefore, a scenario that exemplifies that concept is that Thomas smiling (expression) made him feel happier (emotion). 

Capgras syndrome is when someone believes that a family member, friend, or pet is an imposter and can't be convinced otherwise. Capgras syndrome often occurs after a coma or head injury.

Difficulty reading facial expressions and repetitive, stereotyped movements are associated with autism, flashbacks with PTSD, and compulsive order with OCD. 

“Affect” refers to the experience of having an emotion. The “degree to which an experience is positive or negative” and “the experience of sympathetic autonomic nervous system responses” are the definitions of valence and arousal, respectively. These are both components of emotion, but do not encompass the entirety of affect. Last, the “strength of a stimulus’ effect on attention” is the definition of salience.

Jenny's unwavering tone of voice and little variation of facial expression or emotion when speaking demonstrate the flat affect. The flat affect refers to a lack of (or diminished) emotional expression. This can be observed through robot-like speaking and lack of facial expression. On the other hand, the inappropriate affect and liable affect are the opposite of flat affect. Inappropriate affect refers to emotions are are inappropriate to the situation. Liable affect refers to rapid and inappropriate changes in mood. Jenny clearly demonstrates the flat affect.

"Displacement" is a defense mechanism in which a person directs an unwanted desire or aggression toward something more acceptable than the root of the desire. In this case, Tracey displaces her aggression onto her little brother by teasing him instead of the girls who had teased her. 

The other answers are incorrect. "Repression" is defined as pushing desires out of our consciousness, while "regression" is defined as reverting back to old habits (often from childhood) during stressful situations. "Projection" is described as projecting negative desires onto other people. For example, Tiffany is hurt when Kim does not call her back and she says, "Kim is such a mean person. She doesn't care or like anyone but herself." Projection is sometimes confused with displacement. Last, "sublimation" is defined as changing unwanted desires into something socially valued.

Type A personalities are characterized by high competition, a sense of time urgency, and negative feelings including anger, stress, and hostility. Type B personalities are characterized by low competition and an overall easy-going attitude. People with type A personalities tend to become easily stressed and have more difficulty coping with stress than type B personalities. Studies on the differences between type A and B personalities have revealed that type A personalities are also at higher risk of stress-related diseases. 

"Little Albert" or "Albert B" was the name of a 9-month old child used in this experiment. Watson and a graduate student named Rosalie Raynor exposed Little Albert to a series of stimuli and documented his reactions. 

Classical conditioning is described as a reflexive type of learning in which a stimulus is able to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus. In Pavlov's experiment, he initially presented laboratory dogs with meat powder (stimulus 1), which caused the dogs to salivate (response). Then, he began to present the meat powder while ringing a bell (stimulus 2), again causing the dogs to salivate. After presenting the meat powder and bell together several times, he then presented the bell alone. Though no meat powder was available, the dogs still salivated. They had learned to respond the same way to both individual stimuli.