Ariana is looking at how an intervention affects children's behaviors by providing reinforcement and punishment. She is therefore using operant conditioning, which is a behavioral approach. Humanism views human nature positively, emphasizes free will, and seeks to increase awareness of one's self-concept. Cognitive psychology looks at thought processes, not necessarily behaviors. Psychoanalysis is a form of treatment that uses free association, catharsis, and dream interpretation to reveal the unconscious. Gestalt psychology stems from philosophy and looks at the human mind as a whole.

The school teacher rewards her students after a set number of behaviors. This is called a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. In a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement, a teacher would reward her students after a random number of passing grades. A fixed interval schedule of reinforcement would be based on time elapsed. The teacher might reward her students every fifteen days if they received a passing grade in that time period. In a variable interval schedule, the amount of time elapsed would vary. 

Maslow structured his hierarchy of needs in the following order: physiological needs, need for safety, need for love, need for esteem, and then the need for self-actualization. Ideally, people reach this last step in order to completely fulfill their potential.

Carl Rogers pioneered the humanistic psychology movement. Freud was known for the psychoanalytic approach to psychology, Skinner and Pavlov for the behavioral approach, and Bandura for the social learning approach.

External rewards and punishments are a characteristic of the behavioral approach.

Projection is a defense mechanism in which an individual misattributes his or her negative impulses onto another person. This often occurs when said individual has trouble acknowledging his or her own motivations and feelings.

Neo-Freudians dissented from Freud only to bring social and cultural ideas into his established theories.

Adler and Jung are the best known Neo-Freudians. They accepted the basic tenets of Freud's theories but later dissented from him to develop their own theories.

Happiness is not one of the Big Five personality traits. The other four choices are, along with openness.

The superid is not a part of Freud's psychological theory.

According to Freud, the id is the unorganized part of personality structure that contains instinctual drives and the source of our needs and wants. The superego is the part of personality structure that reflects proper behavior and morals, often referred to as a "conscience." The ego is the reality principle of our personality stucture and works to balance the wants of the id and superego.