Unlike tests of recall memory, which ask test takers to draw the correct answer from their own memories without any cues. Recognition tests present test takers with multiple possible answers and ask them to choose the correct one.

The independent variable is the variable that is believed to cause change. This is typically the variable that is referred to as the treatment. Giving the subject a sleeping pill is the treatment that could cause change. The other three answers would be considered dependent variables because they could be the variables that are influenced from independent variables. 

Laboratory observation allows the researcher to have more control over the experiment and to be able to utilize more precise equipment. In naturalistic observation the researcher is observing the organism in their natural environment which gives the researcher no control of the environment. In both case studies and surveys the participant is giving the information from their point of view which also does not allow the researcher control of the experiment. 

A representative sample is a sample that most clearly mirrors the population that is being studied. The proportions of subgroups should be the same as those in the population. This would be the best way to study the population. A sample from all grades would not give results that would be relevant to a study on third graders. Studying the entire population of third graders would not be feasible because of size, time, and expenses. Finally studying only students from a private school in a specific region would not give results that could be generalized for the population.  

Double-blind technique is where the researcher and the participant are not told who is in which treatment. This allows for there to be no experimenter bias. Experimenter bias is when an experimenters expectations about an experiment outcome could be subtly communicated to the participant skewing the outcome. 

Functional magnetic resonance imaging or fMRI differs from MRIs in that it shows both the brain's structure and the functions of its constituent parts. They perform this by using a technique to observe blood flow in the brain rather than just magnetic fields that are used by traditional MRIs.

PET, positron emission tomography, scans provide a visual display of the brain's activity. They do this by using a radioactive version of glucose that can be traced as it is consumed by the brain.  As a result, the technique allows researchers to observe each area of the brain as it consumes the glucose necessary for it to complete a necessary task. 

EEG is the only technique listed in the possible answers section capable of monitoring an electrical current. EEGs, electroencephalograms, are amplified waves of the electrical activity that are found along the surface of the brain. 

The control group in an experimental procedure is designed to provide an unaltered comparison to the experimental or treatment group. The control group in a study of the effects of a vegetarian diet would eat a normal, non-vegetarian diet (or whatever diet the animals ordinarily receive at the zoo).

Independent variables cause change in the dependent variable of an experiment. In this experiment, food spiciness would cause a change in the dependent variable—exercise performance. This variable was changed throughout the experiment in order to measure the induced effect on the subject’s ability to exercise. Remember that while spiciness is sometimes seen as a matter of personal taste, there is at least one quantitative system for measuring it: the Scoville scale.