The cerebellum is located adjacent to the spinal cord and is responsible for motor control, posture, and balance. On the other hand, the frontal lobe is located at the front end of the brain and is responsible for higher level functions like thinking, planning, problem solving, and impulse control. The amygdala is a part of the limbic system and involved in emotions. The temporal lobe houses the limbic system and its functions include memory, language, emotions, taking in sensory information, and listening. The occipital lobe processes visual information. 

The hypothalamus is considered the "powerhouse" of the brain because it is responsible for several functions that are imperative to survival. It does this by controlling the release of hormones by the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is involved with hunger, thirst, sleep, body temperature, sex drive, and emotions like anger and stress. On the other hand, the thalamus receives sensory signals and then relays them to the appropriate part of the brain. The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system and involved with storing long-term memories. The medulla controls autonomic functions, including heart rate and breathing. The pons relays information and plays a part in sleep and motor movements like facial expressions.

The parasympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for slowing down the body after a stress response, is part of the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic system helps regulate involuntary functions of our body such as heart rate, internal organ activity, gland secretions, etc. The sympathetic nervous system is also part of the autonomic system. Alternatively, the somatic nervous system controls our voluntary muscle movements and our central nervous system only refers to the brain and spinal cord. 

Similar to the famous case of Phineas Gage, Ken's frontal lobe was damaged. The frontal lobe is responsible for emotional control, abstract thought, and executive functions such as foreseeing consequences, making good judgements, and pursuing goals. Due to the damage in his frontal lobe, Ken had a lack of emotional control as well as impaired judgment.

The hypothalamus is involved in regulating several functions, which includes: maintaining homeostasis, body temperature, hunger, thirst, sexual drive, sleep, and mood. It does this by releasing hormones through the pituitary gland. The occipital lobe is the part of the brain that is involved in processing visual information.

Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder that affects the substantia nigra, among other nerve cells. This region is responsible for the production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that facilitates smooth and coordinated body movements by allowing communication between the brain and muscles. When dopamine receptors related to movement are inadequately stimulated the result can be inhibitory, causing muscle rigidity and tremors. On the other hand, an overabundance of dopamine may produce symptoms of paranoia and psychosis as can be found in true schizophrenia. A deficiency in serotonin has been associated with depression, increased aggression, and overeating. Overly high serotonin levels on the other hand result in symptoms including confusion, a rapid heart-rate, agitation, and restlessness.

The "hippocampus," part of the brain's limbic system, plays an important role in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory. In addition, the hippocampus helps with our spatial navigation.

The "cerebrum" is a large part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex, as well as several subcortical structures. The cerebrum is not located in the limbic system, while the other answer choices are.

The "medulla," also known as the medulla oblongata, contains the respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor centers of the brain; therefore, the medulla controls the autonomic functions.  These functions include: breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. We would be not be able to survive—not even for a minute—without a functioning medulla.

The "hypothalamus" is responsible for synthesizing and secreting neurohormones that stimulate the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls many important bodily functions, including maintaining a healthy body temperature and circadian rhythm (i.e. our 24 hour internal cycle).