Bessemer steel was produced inexpensively from pig iron according to the principle of oxidation. The process was developed during the Second Industrial Revolution, which lasted from between the 1840s and 1860s to 1914. Oil, electricity and electrical communications, and production lines processes were developed during this period. The Newcomen steam engine was invented in 1712 and later refined into the Watt steam engine, which inaugurated the First Industrial Revolution from 1760 to 1840.

Division of Labor would allow for the construction of assembly lines, in which many unskilled workers would specialize in a very small part of a task to produce goods, like gluing a sole onto a shoe. This would replace the old system in which one craftsman would make, to keep with our example, an entire pair of shoes by hand.

Artillery accounted for close to sixty percent of all battlefield casualties during the First World War. The mass production of large, cheap ammunition made it possible for a besieging force to bombard a fixed position for weeks at a time, without stopping.

During the Industrial Revolution, factories became a dominant feature in the economies of large cities. Rural villagers and townsmen left worsening agricultural prospects for new opportunities working in these factories, causing city populations to balloon.

The Industrial Revolution did not end the need for agriculture. In fact, in most places in Europe during most of the nineteenth century, the majority of the population continued to work in agriculture. 

The empire grew in importance during the Industrial Revolution as industrializing nations called on the empire to produce the raw materials needed to manufacture goods. All of the other answers describe tensions that existed during the period.

The earliest mills were concentrated in Lancashire and in Manchester in Northeast England. The Northeast remained the industrial capital of England for a long time thereafter.

All of the "incorrect" answers were actual factors that were important in making England uniquely situated to industrialize before other states. Kings George I and George IV had no known technical genius. 

Throughout the 1840s, a potato blight ravaged all of the potato crops throughout Europe, causing a devastating reduction in overall potato yields. Ireland, which for a variety of reasons had become dependent on the cheap crop, was by far the hardest hit land in Europe, a fact compounded by British policies that ignored the problem. From 1845 to 1850, roughly one million Irish people died from disease and hunger due to what became known as the Great Famine, while a further one million left the island to immigrate to America and Great Britain.

In 1653, Oliver Cromwell was declared Lord Protector of a united Commonwealth of England, ushering in the period known as "the Protectorate."