A plasmid replicates itself by being introduced to a bacterium and inserting its genetic information. The bacterium then undergoes its replication process with the genetic information that was injected by the plasmid and in this way the plasmid is cloned. Bacteria do not undergo mitosis, rather, they undergo a process called binary fission to produce identical daughter cells.

A good antibiotic should target a biological system or function of the bacteria that is different than the host; an example being peptidoglycan in the cell wall of any bacteria. The antibiotic should be broad spectrum, or in other words have the ability to treat several types of bacterial infections regardless of the type of bacteria. The antibiotic should be able to be taken orally or intravenously for ease of administration. In addition most antibiotics are a dry form that can be stored at room temperature or above in order to make it ease to administer in underdeveloped countries or areas of poverty. The side effects should be negligible to the condition. Side effects are in direct proportion to the damage the chemical is doing to the host.  If side effects are to harsh, other complications to the host, including death, could result.

Antibiotics should be used to treat bacterial infections only. West Nile Virus is a virus and C. albicans is a fungus. The common cold is caused by an infection by a virus, most often rhinovirus and human coronavirus. K. pneumonia on the other hand, causes pneumonia, and a person will suffer from deep cough and congestion for months or until treated.

A membrane-bound nucleus is not present in prokaryotic organisms. All other structures can be found in prokaryotes.

The zone of inhibition is the zone around the disc that the antibiotic killed the bacteria.

Bacteria have a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan, while plant cells have a cell wall made up of cellulose. The enzyme used by this student is cleaving the cellulose in the plant cell wall, causing these cells to lyse. This enzyme would not be able to cleave peptidoglycan because the molecules are structurally and chemically different.

Since DNA is not separated from the cytosol in bacterial cells, nascent messenger RNAs that are being transcribed by RNA polymerase can be bound by ribosomes and translation can be initiated before the entire mRNA is even transcribed. All other processes listed may occur simultaneously in prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic cells.

There are three processes in which bacteria can acquire new novel genes/alleles for genes. Transformation happens when bacteria uptake naked DNA from the environment and assemble it into their genome. Transduction happens when a phage transfer DNA from one bacteria to another. Transduction is the direct transfer of DNA from a donor bacteria to a recipient bacteria and is often referred to as "bacterial sex."

Since bacterial cells lack mitochondria, the proteins that make up the electron transport chain reside in the plasma membrane and pump protons from the cytosol into the periplasm. There is no nuclear membrane in bacterial cells since bacteria lack nuclei.

In the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in the inner membrane. Mitochondria are believed to be descended from bacteria that were long ago engulfed by other prokaryotic cells, producing the first eukaryotic cells. The outer membrane of mitochondria can be thought of being derived from the vesicle that was used to engulf the bacterial cell, and the inner membrane can be thought of being derived from the plasma membrane of the original bacterium.