AP Biology : Systems Physiology

Study concepts, example questions & explanations for AP Biology

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Example Questions

Example Question #1240 : Ap Biology

Which of the following best describes when transcription initiates in developing embryos?

Possible Answers:

During gastrulation

At the time of fertilization

At the end of cleavage

At the time of implantation

Correct answer:

At the end of cleavage

Explanation:

In the developing embryo, transcription initiates at the end of cleavage, during a stage called the midblastula transition. 

Example Question #35 : Understanding Embryogenesis And Development

Which of the following best describes what the trophoblast develops into?

Possible Answers:

The skin

The placenta

The spinal cord

The muscle

Correct answer:

The placenta

Explanation:

The trophoblast is the outer layer of cells that make up the blastocyst. These cells provide nutrients to the developing embryo, and eventually develop into the placenta. During the later stages of cleavage, the trophoblast becomes distinguished from the inner layer of cells, which will develop into the embryo. There is a layer of fluid between the trophoblast and inner cell mass.

Example Question #271 : Systems Physiology

Which of the following is true of human yolk, or ooplasm?

Possible Answers:

Ooplasm is located at the cell cortex

There is only a small amount in each oocyte

Ooplasm lacks fat

The ooplasm sustains oocyte growth through the entire process of embryogenesis

Correct answer:

There is only a small amount in each oocyte

Explanation:

In a human egg cell the yolk—ooplasm—located at the cell center in an area containing the nucleus and nucleolus. The ooplasm is composed of fatty granules that support embryo development through the early stages of embryogenesis. In human oocytes, there is a relatively small amount of ooplasm compared to the embryos of other species.

Example Question #42 : Understanding Embryogenesis And Development

At the end of cleavage, where is the developing embryo located in the female reproductive system?

Possible Answers:

Cervix

Uterus

Ovary

Fallopian tube

Correct answer:

Uterus

Explanation:

During fertilization and throughout the process of cleavage, the developing embryo is located in the fallopian tube. Towards the end of cleavage, around day 5, the developing embryo enters the uterus, where it will implant in the uterine wall after blastulation.

Example Question #272 : Systems Physiology

Which of the following types of cell signaling structures is formed between blastmoreres during cleavage?

Possible Answers:

Plasmodesmata

Clathrin-coated vesicles 

G-protein coupled receptors

Gap junctions

Correct answer:

Gap junctions

Explanation:

During cleavage, gap junctions form between blastomeres, promoting cell-cell communication and coordinated development. 

Example Question #272 : Systems Physiology

Which of the following is true about determinate cleavage?

Possible Answers:

It takes place in most protostomes

Blastomeres do not have unlimited developmental potential 

All of these

The developmental fate is set early in the developmental process

Correct answer:

All of these

Explanation:

Determinate cleavage is a process found in most protostomes, in which the developmental fate of cells is determined early on in the developmental process. In other words, blastomeres do not have the capacity to develop into any cell type.

Example Question #1 : Understanding Gametogenesis

Which answer best explains why each primary spermatocyte cell (2n) results in the eventual production of four spermatids (n), while each oogonium cell (2n) results in the eventual production of only one active egg cell (n)?

Possible Answers:

During spermatogenesis, the cellular material is divided evenly during meiosis I and II, resulting in four equally sized spermatids. During oogenesis, the process of meiosis results in four potential active egg cells of equal size and functionality; arbitrarily, three of these cells are degraded, leaving only active egg cell.

During spermatogenesis, the cellular material is divided evenly during meiosis I and II, resulting in four equally sized spermatids. During oogenesis, only one of the two daughter cells that results from meiosis I passes through meiosis II; the other daughter cell remains dormant. Of the daughter cells that result from meiosis II, one becomes an active egg cell while the other disintegrates.

None of the other answers are correct

During spermatogenesis, the cellular material is divided evenly during meiosis I and II, resulting in four equally sized spermatids. During oogenesis, both meiosis I and meiosis II involve the uneven distribution of cytoplasm, which results in only one active egg cell and two or three polar bodies.

Correct answer:

During spermatogenesis, the cellular material is divided evenly during meiosis I and II, resulting in four equally sized spermatids. During oogenesis, both meiosis I and meiosis II involve the uneven distribution of cytoplasm, which results in only one active egg cell and two or three polar bodies.

Explanation:

Spermatogenesis is a continuous process starting at puberty. Sperm production takes place in the seminiferous tubules. There, each spermatogonium cell (2n) divides equally via mitosis to produce two identical primary spermatocytes (2n). Each primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to produce two equally sized secondary spermatocytes (n). Each secondary spermatocyte then undergoes meiosis II to produce a total of four spermatids (n). The spermatids differentiate before moving to the epididymis.

Oogenesis, on the other hand, begins prior to birth and is a stop-start process. While still within the embryo, each oogonium (2n) produces two identical primary oocytes (2n) via mitosis; the primary oocytes remain dormant in small ovarian follicles until puberty. After the onset of puberty, hormones periodically stimulate the follicles to complete meiosis I and produce secondary oocytes (n). It is important to note, however, that meiosis I produces only one secondary oocyte—the other "daughter cell" is actually the first polar body, which is almost always rapidly degraded (though sometimes this polar body also undergoes meiosis II and produces a third polar body). This occurs because the primary oocyte divides unevenly, leaving the secondary oocyte with virtually all of the cytoplasm during cytokinesis. Secondary oocytes are released during ovulation, but they do not complete meiosis II until fertilization, when they are penetrated by a sperm. Meiosis II results in another polar body, again due to uneven division of cytoplasm during cytokinesis. 

Example Question #51 : Reproductive System

Which term refers to the formation of egg cells that begins in the developing ovaries of a female fetus?

Possible Answers:

Meiosis

Oogenesis

Mitosis

Ovulation

Fertilization

Correct answer:

Oogenesis

Explanation:

The mature human ovum is formed through the developmental process known as oogenesis, which takes place during the first three months of fetal development. Ovarian follicles each contain one oogonium, which becomes a primary oocyte, then a secondary oocyte. No further division occurs until puberty.

Mitosis is a type of nuclear division in which one copy of each chromosome moves into each of two daughter nuclei to create identical daughter cells. Meiosis is also a type of cell division, in which a diploid cell divides twice to produce four haploid cells. Ovulation is the release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary, and fertilization is the union of a male sperm and female egg to produce a zygote. 

Example Question #52 : Reproductive System

Spermatogenesis is the production of sperm by the process of __________, followed by differentiation.

Possible Answers:

migration

meiosis

proliferation

mitosis

gametogenesis

Correct answer:

meiosis

Explanation:

During spermatogenesis, spermatogonia become primary spermatocytes, then seconday spermatocytes. These divide to form two spermatids, which transform into functional spermatozoa. Through the process of meiosis, the chromosome number is reduced from the diploid number (46) to the haploid number (23).

Mitosis refers to the replication of somatic cells, creating identical daughter cells from a diploid parent. Migration occurs as the spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids move from the outermost edge of the seminiferous tube to the central cavity of the tuble. Proliferation is the repeated reproduction of new parts. Gametogenesis is defined as the development of gametes. 

Example Question #53 : Reproductive System

Mitosis and meiosis differ in that mitosis produces __________ cells with __________ genetic material, whereas meiosis produces __________ cells with __________ genetic material.

Possible Answers:

4 . . . a unique mixture of . . . 2 . . . identical

2 . . . identical . . . 4 . . . a unique mixture of

2 . . . identical . . . 4 . . . identical

2 . . . a unique mixture of . . . 2 . . . identical

Correct answer:

2 . . . identical . . . 4 . . . a unique mixture of

Explanation:

During mitosis cells divide a single time and retain the exact same genetic material, producing two identical copies of the parent cell. During meiosis, cells divide twice and cross over during anaphase I. This produces a unique combination of chromosomes (recombinants) not seen in the parent cell.

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