Intraspecific competition occurs between members of the same species while interspecific competition occurs between different species.

The mechanisms of evolution include gene flow, mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection. All of these mechanisms change allele frequencies in groups of reproducing organisms.

Exploitative competition is an indirect type of competition through a limiting resource. There was only one scenario in the listed options that illustrated an example of exploitive competition: the indirect competition that takes place in response to a limiting resource as seen in grass species competing for sunlight.

Co-evolution describes interactions among different species. These interactions can be both negative and positive, leading to cooperation or competition. In co-evolution, species develop together.

Extinction may be defined as the disappearance of a species. Throughout history, there have been minor and major extinctions, with minor extinctions composing the majority of all extinctions. The process of extinction is not well understood due to our reliance on the fossil record and complicated roles of competition and evolution.

Adaptation can be defined as the gradual outcome of evolution that makes an organism or group of organisms better suited to live in a given habitat. Adaptation is a result of natural selection and increases the chance of survival and reproduction. This outcome can result from either a loss of an ancestral feature or the development of a new trait.

Evolution impacts the allele frequencies within a population through mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. These mechanisms of evolution result in adaptation, cooperation, speciation, extinction, and co-evolution.

Cooperation is an outcome of evolution that features beneficial interactions between species, leading to the species evolving together. Cooperation is thought to have evolved from kin selection—where organisms work together to raise another’s kin for the benefit of the population.

The Founder Effect is due to a sampling error. By taking a small sample of an existing population and creating a new population, there is zero probability that the new population will have all of the same alleles as the old population. Therefore, the alleles of the new population are likely to differ from the original population. 

The three key requirements for natural selection are variation, differential reproduction, and heredity. That is, there must be variation in the population, and that variation must affect the mating success of some individuals (differential reproduction). Organisms who successfully mate must be able to pass on their genes to their offspring (heredity).

Gene flow refers to movement of alleles between populations, and is not necessary for natural selection to occur.