Green algae are the photosynthetic component of the lichen relationship. The fungus aids by gathering nutrients and providing structural protection.

Dinoflagellates are red algae and are not found in lichens. Mosses are free-living plants, while zygomycetes are another phylum of fungi (the fungi in lichens are ascomycetes). Slime molds are single-celled organisms that congregate to reproduce. Zygomycetes and slime molds are not photosynthetic.

By definition, fungi are chemoheterotrophs. They are unable to produce their own food through photosynthesis; like humans, they must gather their food from their environment. 

The other answers are all true statements and help illustrate the wide variety of roles that fungi have both in the environment and as a natural resource that benefits humans. 

Fungal cells and animal cells share many similarities; in fact, fungi and animals have more in common with each other than either does with plants. Most eukaryotic cells contain smooth endoplasmic reticulum, an organelle that is used in the production of lipids and decomposition of toxins. Most eukaryotic cells also contain mitochondria, which help generate chemical energy in the form of ATP. Secretory vesicles serve a variety of purposes in nature, all of which center on moving materials out of a cell. For example, some secretory vesicles are used to remove wastes from inside of a cell; other secretory vesicles are used for communication between cells, the production of cell walls, or the formation of extracellular matrix. They are specific to neither animals nor fungi. 

Comparatively, cell walls are found in fungi but not in animal cells. The cell wall surrounds the cell membrane of fungal cells and confers protection and support. Fungal cell walls are usually made of the polymer chitin (which, interestingly, is also used in the exoskeletons of arthropods such as lobsters).

Bacteria and fungi both have DNA, a plasma membrane, and a cell wall. The bacterial cell wall is made of peptidoglycan, whereas the fungal cell wall is made of chitin. Bacteria do not have nuclei and are only unicellular, while some fungi are multicellular, they are eukaryotes, and thus all have nuclei. Furthermore, eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles. Since bacteria are prokaryotes, they lack membrane-bound organelles, but they still have ribosomes for protein synthesis (ribosomes are not membrane-bound). 

The exoskeletons of arthropods is made up of the polymer chitin. Fungal cell walls are also made up of this polymer. Since this enzyme can inhibit the shell growth of marine arthropods its likely that it is breaking down the chitin in them. Since the fungal cell wall is also made up of chitin this enzyme would also be able to inhibit fungal growth by cleaving their cell walls.

The cell walls of fungi are made of chitin, a modified polysaccharide similar to cellulose but with nitrogen-containing groups. Keratin is a structural protein with comparable toughness to chitin, but keratin is found in vertebrate animals. Peptidoglycan is a polymer of sugars and amino acids that makes up the cell walls of bacteria. Cellulose and pectin are both polysaccharides that together, along with hemicellulose, make up the cell walls of plants.

Fungi are heterotrophs. A heterotroph is an organism that gains its nutrients by feeding on other organisms, or substances produced by them. Fungi obtain nutrients through absorption; some fungi act as decomposers that break down dead organic matter, some can be parasites, and others can exist in a mutually beneficial relationship with a host. 

Hyphae is a branching filamentous structure found in multicellular fungi, and forms into a mass of hyphae called a mycelium. Hyphae can grow rapidly throughout the life of the fungus, and allows a greater absorption of nutrients. 

The only disease out of these that is caused by a prion is mad cow disease, and is therefore the correct answer. HIV is caused by a virus, syphilis and tuberculosis by bacteria, and lupus is an autoimmune disorder.

Reverse transcriptase is the epitome of viral evolution, as showcased by the HIV virus. Reverse transcriptase enables the HIV virus to create a DNA template from an RNA segment already encapsulated in the virus, but using the host cell's own DNA replication machinery.